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Moody’s is a global integrated risk assessment firm that empowers organizations and investors to make better decisions. Moody’s reports in two reportable segments: MIS and MA.

MIS publishes credit ratings and provides assessment services on a wide range of debt obligations, programs and facilities, and the entities that issue such obligations in markets worldwide, including various corporate, financial institution and governmental obligations, and structured finance securities. Revenue is primarily derived from the originators and issuers of such transactions who use MIS ratings to support the distribution of their debt issues to investors. Additionally, MIS earns revenue from certain non-ratings-related operations, which consist primarily of financial instrument pricing services in the Asia-Pacific region, revenue from providing ESG research, data and assessments and revenue from ICRA’s non-ratings operations. The revenue from these operations is included in the MIS Other LOB and is not material to the results of the MIS segment.

MA is a global provider of data and analytic solutions which help companies make better and faster decisions. MA’s analytic models, industry insights, software tools and proprietary data assets allow companies to inform and perform many critical business activities with trust and confidence. MA’s approach to aggregating, broadening and deepening available data, research, analytic tools and software solutions fosters a more integrated and efficient delivery to MA's customers resulting in better decisions around risks and opportunities.

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current presentation.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” and elected to apply the provisions of the New Lease Accounting Standard on the date of adoption with adjustments to the assets and liabilities on its opening balance sheet, with no cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings required. Accordingly, the Company did not restate prior year comparative periods for the impact of the New Lease Accounting Standard.

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” The Company has implemented policies and procedures in compliance with the “expected credit loss” impairment model, which included: (1) refinement of the grouping of receivables with similar risk characteristics; and (2) processes to identify information that can be used to develop reasonable and supportable forecasts of factors that could affect the collectability of the reported amount of the receivable. As the Company's accounts receivable are short-term in nature, the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact to the Company's allowance for bad debts or its policies and procedures for determining the allowance. Refer to Note 2 for further information on how the Company determines its reserves for expected credit losses. The Company recorded a $ 2 million cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings to increase its allowance for credit losses upon adoption.

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-15, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract.” This ASU requires implementation costs incurred by customers in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) to be capitalized under the same provisions of authoritative guidance for internal-use software, and amortized over the non-cancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised by the customer or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. The Company is now required to present the amortization of capitalized implementation costs in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting service (i.e. operating and SG&A expense) and classify the related payments in the statement of cash flows in the same manner as payments made for fees associated with the hosting service (i.e. cash flows from operating activities). This ASU also requires capitalization of implementation costs in the balance sheet to be consistent with the location of prepayment of fees for the hosting element (i.e. within other current assets or other assets). The Company adopted this ASU prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption and it did not have a material impact on the Company's current financial statements. The future impact to the Company's financial statements will relate to the aforementioned classification of these capitalized costs and related amortization.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, "Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting". The ASU provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This guidance was effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022 as the transition from LIBOR is completed.

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On December 31, 2020, the Company adopted ASU No. 2018-14, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans”. This ASU eliminates requirements for certain disclosures and requires additional disclosures under defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement plans. The Company is also now required to present a narrative description of significant gains or losses in the benefit obligation over the past year. The Company adopted this ASU retrospectively for all periods presented with the new required disclosures presented in Note 15.

COVID-19

The Company experienced disruption in certain sectors of its business beginning late in the first quarter of 2020 resulting from market volatility associated with the COVID-19 crisis. However, at the date of the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K, the Company is unable to predict either the potential near-term or longer-term impact that the COVID-19 crisis may have on its financial position and operating results due to numerous uncertainties regarding the duration and severity of the crisis, including the length of time to distribute a vaccine. As a result, it is reasonably possible that the Company could experience material impacts including, but not limited to: reductions in revenue and cash flows; additional credit losses related to accounts receivables; asset impairment charges; and changes in the funded status of defined benefit pension plans. While it is reasonably possible that the COVID-19 crisis could impact the results of operations and cash flows of the Company in the near term, Moody's believes that it has adequate liquidity to maintain its operations with minimal disruption and to maintain compliance with its debt covenants.

In order to maximize liquidity and to increase available cash on hand through this period of uncertainty, the Company increased its long-term borrowings by $ 700 million as more fully discussed in Note 18. In addition, the Company reduced discretionary spending, including temporarily suspending its share repurchase program beginning late in the first quarter of 2020 and spanning through the third quarter. The Company resumed its share repurchase program in the fourth quarter of 2020.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted on March 27, 2020 in the United States. The Company utilized certain provisions in the CARES Act and other IRS guidance which permit the deferral of certain income and payroll tax remittances.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include those of Moody’s Corporation and its majority- and wholly-owned subsidiaries. The effects of all intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Investments in companies for which the Company has significant influence over operating and financial policies but not a controlling interest are accounted for on an equity basis whereby the Company records its proportional share of the investment’s net income or loss as part of other non-operating income (expense), net and any dividends received reduce the carrying amount of the investment. The Company applies the guidelines set forth in Topic 810 of the ASC in assessing its interests in variable interest entities to decide whether to consolidate an entity. The Company has reviewed the potential variable interest entities and determined that there are no consolidation requirements under Topic 810 of the ASC. The Company consolidates its ICRA subsidiaries on a three month lag.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents principally consist of investments in money market mutual funds and money market deposit accounts as well as high-grade commercial paper and certificates of deposit with maturities of three months or less when purchased.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments are securities with maturities greater than 90 days at the time of purchase that are available for operations in the next 12 months. The Company’s short-term investments primarily consist of certificates of deposit and their cost approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the instruments. Interest and dividends on these investments are recorded into income when earned.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs that do not extend the economic useful life of the related assets are charged to expense as incurred.

Computer Software Developed or Obtained for Internal Use

The Company capitalizes costs related to software developed or obtained for internal use. These assets, included in property and equipment in the consolidated balance sheets, relate to the Company’s financial, website and other systems. Such costs generally consist of direct costs for third-party license fees, professional services provided by third parties and employee compensation, in each case incurred either during the application development stage or in connection with upgrades and enhancements that increase functionality. Such costs are depreciated over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage of development as well as maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

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The Company also capitalizes implementation costs incurred in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) and depreciates the costs over the non-cancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. The Company classifies the amortization of capitalized implementation costs in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting service (i.e., operating and SG&A expense) and classifies the related payments in the statement of cash flows in the same manner as payments made for fees associated with the hosting service (i.e. cash flows from operating activities). In addition, the capitalization of implementation costs is reflected in the balance sheet consistent with the location of prepayment of fees for the hosting element (i.e., within other current assets or other assets).

Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets

Moody’s evaluates its goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level, defined as an operating segment (i.e., MIS and MA), or one level below an operating segment (i.e., a component of an operating segment), annually as of July 31 or more frequently if impairment indicators arise in accordance with ASC Topic 350.

The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill using a two-step impairment test approach at the reporting unit level. In the first step, the Company assesses various qualitative factors to determine whether the fair value of a reporting unit may be less than its carrying amount. If a determination is made based on the qualitative factors that an impairment does not exist, the Company is not required to perform further testing. If the aforementioned qualitative assessment results in the Company concluding that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit may be less than its carrying amount, the fair value of the reporting unit will be quantitatively determined and compared to its carrying value including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the net assets assigned to that unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Company is not required to perform further testing. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, the Company will record a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value.

The Company evaluates its reporting units on an annual basis, or more frequently if there are changes in the reporting structure of the Company due to acquisitions, reporting unit realignments or if there are indicators of potential impairment. For the reporting units where the Company is consistently able to conclude that no impairment exists using only a qualitative approach, the Company’s accounting policy is to perform the second step of the aforementioned goodwill impairment assessment at least once every three years. Goodwill is assigned to a reporting unit at the date when an acquisition is integrated into one of the established reporting units, and is based on which reporting unit is expected to benefit from the synergies of the acquisition.

For purposes of assessing the recoverability of goodwill, the Company has seven primary reporting units: two within the Company’s ratings business (one for the ICRA business and one that encompasses all of Moody’s other ratings operations) and five reporting units within MA: Content, ERS, MALS, Bureau van Dijk and Reis.

Impairment of long-lived assets and definite-lived intangible assets

Long-lived assets (including ROU Assets) and amortizable intangible assets are reviewed for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Under the first step of the recoverability assessment, the Company compares the estimated undiscounted future cash flows attributable to the asset or asset group to their carrying value. If the undiscounted future cash flows are greater than the carrying value, no further assessment is required. If the undiscounted future cash flows are less than the carrying value, Moody's proceeds with step two of the assessment. Under step two of this assessment, Moody's is required to determine the fair value of the asset or asset group (reduced by the estimated cost to sell the asset for assets or disposal groups classified as held-for-sale) and recognize an impairment loss if the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company records compensation expense for all share-based payment award transactions granted to employees based on the fair value of the equity instrument at the time of grant. This includes shares issued under stock option and restricted stock plans.

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Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Based on the Company’s risk management policy, from time to time the Company may use derivative financial instruments to reduce exposure to changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates. The Company does not enter into derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. All derivative financial instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at their respective fair values on a gross basis. The changes in the value of derivatives that qualify as fair value hedges are recorded in the same income statement line item in earnings in which the corresponding adjustment to the carrying value of the hedged item is presented. The entire change in the fair value of derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded to OCI and such amounts are reclassified from AOCI to the same income statement line in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects income. Effective with the Company’s early adoption of ASC 2017-12, the Company changed the method by which it assesses effectiveness for net investment hedges from the forward-method to the spot-method. The Company considers the spot-method an improved method of assessing hedge effectiveness, as spot rate changes relating to the hedging instrument’s notional amount perfectly offset the currency translation adjustment on the hedged net investment in the Company’s foreign subsidiaries. The entire change in the fair value of derivatives that qualify as net investment hedges is initially recorded to OCI. Those changes in fair value attributable to components included in the assessment of hedge effectiveness in a net investment hedge are recorded in the currency translation adjustment component of OCI and remain in AOCI until the period in which the hedged item affects earnings. Those changes in fair value attributable to components excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness in a net investment hedge are recorded to OCI and amortized to earnings using a systematic and rational method over the duration of the hedge. Any changes in the fair value of derivatives that the Company does not designate as hedging instruments under Topic 815 of the ASC are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they occur.

Revenue Recognition and Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract with a Customer

Revenue recognition:

Revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.

When contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation on a relative SSP basis. The Company determines the SSP by using the price charged for a deliverable when sold separately or uses management’s best estimate of SSP for goods or services not sold separately using estimation techniques that maximize observable data points, including: internal factors relevant to its pricing practices such as costs and margin objectives; standalone sales prices of similar products; pricing policies; percentage of the fee charged for a primary product or service relative to a related product or service; and customer segment and geography. Additional consideration is also given to market conditions such as competitor pricing strategies and market trends.

Sales, usage-based, value added and other taxes are excluded from revenues.

MIS Revenue

In the MIS segment, revenue arrangements with multiple elements are generally comprised of two distinct performance obligations, a rating and the related monitoring service. Revenue attributed to ratings of issued securities is generally recognized when the rating is delivered to the issuer. Revenue attributed to monitoring of issuers or issued securities is recognized ratably over the period in which the monitoring is performed, generally one year. In the case of certain structured finance products, primarily CMBS, issuers can elect to pay all of the annual monitoring fees upfront. These fees are deferred and recognized over the future monitoring periods based on the expected lives of the rated securities.

MIS arrangements generally have standard contractual terms for which the stated payments are due at conclusion of the ratings process for ratings and either upfront or in arrears for monitoring services; and are signed by customers either on a per issue basis or at the beginning of the relationship with the customer. In situations when customer fees for an arrangement may be variable, the Company estimates the variable consideration at inception using the expected value method based on analysis of similar contracts in the same line of business, which is constrained based on the Company’s assessment of the realization of the adjustment amount.

The Company allocates the transaction price within arrangements that include multiple performance obligations based upon the relative SSP of each service. The SSP for both rating and monitoring services is generally based upon observable selling prices where the rating or monitoring service is sold separately to similar customers.

MA Revenue

In the MA segment, products and services offered by the Company include hosted research and data subscriptions, installed software subscriptions, perpetual installed software licenses and related maintenance, or PCS, and professional services. Subscription and PCS contracts are generally invoiced in advance of the contractual coverage period, which is principally one year, but can range from 3 - 5 years; while perpetual software licenses are generally invoiced upon delivery and professional services are invoiced as those services are provided. Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, but primarily include a requirement of payment within 30 to 60 days.

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Revenue from research, data and other hosted subscriptions is recognized ratably over the related subscription period as MA's performance obligation to provide access to these products is progressively fulfilled over the stated term of the contract. A large portion of these services are invoiced in the months of November, December and January.

Revenue from the sale of a software license, when considered distinct from the related software implementation services, is generally recognized at the time the product master or first copy is delivered or transferred to the customer. PCS is generally recognized ratably over the contractual period commencing when the software license is fully delivered. Revenue from installed software subscriptions, which includes PCS, is bifurcated into a software license performance obligation and a PCS performance obligation, which follow the patterns of recognition described above. However, in instances where the software license (perpetual or subscription) and related implementation services are considered to be one combined performance obligation, revenue is recognized over time using cost based input methods. Due to the strategic shift in the MA business towards SaaS solutions, revenue generated from these types of arrangements were not material in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.

For implementation services and other service projects within the ERS and ESA businesses for which fees are fixed, the Company determined progress towards completion is most accurately measured on a percentage-of-completion basis (input method) as this approach utilizes the most directly observable data points and is therefore used to recognize the related revenue. For implementation services where price varies based on time expended, a time-based measure of progress towards completion of the performance obligation is utilized.

Revenue from professional services rendered is generally recognized as the services are performed over time.

Products and services offered within the MA segment are sold either stand-alone or together in various combinations. In instances where an arrangement contains multiple performance obligations, the Company accounts for the individual performance obligations separately if they are considered distinct. Revenue is generally allocated to all performance obligations based upon the relative SSP at contract inception. For certain performance obligations, judgment is required to determine the SSP. Revenue is recognized for each performance obligation based upon the conditions for revenue recognition noted above.

In the MA segment, customers usually pay a fixed fee for the products and services based on signed contracts. However, accounting for variable consideration is applied mainly for: i) estimates for cancellation rights and price concessions and ii) T&M based services.

The Company estimates the variable consideration associated with cancellation rights and price concessions based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduces the amount of revenue to be recognized. T&M based contracts represent about half of MA’s service projects within the ERS and ESA businesses. The Company provides agreed upon services at a contracted daily or hourly rate. The commitment represents a series of goods and services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. As such, if T&M services are sold with other MA products, the Company allocates the variable consideration entirely to the T&M performance obligation if the services are sold at standard pricing or at a similar discount level compared to other performance obligations in the same revenue contract. If these criteria are not met, the Company estimates variable consideration for each performance obligation upfront. Each form of variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue will not occur.

Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract with a Customer:

Costs to obtain a contract with a customer

Costs incurred to obtain customer contracts, such as sales commissions, are deferred and recorded within other current assets and other assets when such costs are determined to be incremental to obtaining a contract, would not have been incurred otherwise and the Company expects to recover those costs. These costs are amortized to expense on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer of the products or services to the customer. Depending on the line of business to which the contract relates, this may be based upon the average economic life of the products sold or average period for which services are provided, inclusive of anticipated contract renewals. Determining the estimated economic life of the products sold requires judgment with respect to anticipated future technological changes. The Company had a balance of $ 180 million and $ 159 million in such deferred costs as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and recognized $ 59 million, $ 53 million and $ 38 million of related amortization during the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which is included within SG&A expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Costs incurred to obtain customer contracts are only in the MA segment.

Cost to fulfill a contract with a customer

Costs incurred to fulfill customer contracts, are deferred and recorded within other current assets and other assets when such costs relate directly to a contract, generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying performance obligations in the future and the Company expects to recover those costs.

The Company capitalizes work-in-process costs for in-progress MIS ratings, which is recognized consistent with the rendering of the related services to the customers, as ratings are issued. The Company had a balance of $ 12 million and $ 11 million in such deferred costs as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and recognized $ 47 million, $ 42 million and $ 40 million of amortization of the costs during the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which is included within operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.

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In addition, within the MA segment, the Company capitalizes royalty costs related to third-party information data providers associated with hosted company information and business intelligence products. These costs are amortized to expense consistent with the recognition pattern of the related revenue over time. The Company had a balance of $ 35 million and $ 40 million in such deferred costs as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, and recognized $ 66 million, $ 56 million and $ 54 million of related amortization during the years ended December 31, 2020, December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which is included within operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.

Accounts Receivable Allowances

In order to determine an estimate of expected credit losses, receivables are segmented based on similar risk characteristics including historical credit loss patterns and industry or class of customers to calculate reserve rates. The Company uses an aging method for developing its allowance for credit losses by which receivable balances are stratified based on aging category. A reserve rate is calculated for each aging category which is generally based on historical information, and is adjusted, when necessary, for current conditions (e.g., macroeconomic or industry related) and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. The Company also considers customer specific information (e.g., bankruptcy or financial difficulty) when estimating its expected credit losses, as well as the economic environment of the customers, both from an industry and geographic perspective, in evaluating the need for allowances. Expected credit losses are reflected as additions to the accounts receivable allowance. Actual uncollectible account write-offs are recorded against the allowance.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a net provision for expected credit losses of $ 26 million. The increase in the provision for expected credit losses for the current period was primarily attributable to the aforementioned estimated effects of COVID-19.

Leases

The Company has operating leases, of which substantially all relate to the lease of office space. The Company’s leases which are classified as finance leases are not material to the consolidated financial statements.

The Company determines if an arrangement meets the definition of a lease at contract inception. The Company recognizes in its consolidated balance sheet a lease liability and an ROU Asset for all leases with a lease term greater than 12 months. In determining the length of the lease term, the Company utilizes judgment in assessing the likelihood of whether it is reasonably certain that it will exercise an option to extend or early-terminate a lease, if such options are provided in the lease agreement.

ROU Assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU Assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As substantially all of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, the Company uses its estimated secured incremental borrowing rates at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. These secured incremental borrowing rates are attributable to the currency in which the lease is denominated.

At commencement, the Company’s initial measurement of the ROU Asset is calculated as the present value of the remaining lease payments (i.e., lease liability), with additive adjustments reflecting: initial direct costs (e.g., broker commissions) and prepaid lease payments (if any); and reduced by any lease incentives provided by the lessor if: (i) received before lease commencement or (ii) receipt of the lease incentive is contingent upon future events for which the occurrence is both probable and within the Company’s control.

Lease expense for minimum operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. This straight-line lease expense represents a single lease cost which is comprised of both an interest accretion component relating to the lease liability and amortization of the ROU Assets. The Company records this single lease cost in operating and SG&A expenses. However, in situations where an operating lease ROU Asset has been impaired, the subsequent amortization of the ROU Asset is then recorded on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term and is combined with accretion expense on the lease liability to result in single operating lease cost (which subsequent to impairment will no longer follow a straight-line recognition pattern).

The Company has lease agreements which include lease and non-lease components. For the Company’s office space leases, the lease components (e.g., fixed rent payments) and non-lease components (e.g., fixed common-area maintenance costs) are combined and accounted for as a single lease component.

Variable lease payments (e.g. variable common-area-maintenance costs) are only included in the initial measurement of the lease liability to the extent those payments depend on an index or a rate. Variable lease payments not included in the lease liability are recognized in net income in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred.

Contingencies

Moody’s is involved in legal and tax proceedings, governmental, regulatory and legislative investigations and inquiries, claims and litigation that are incidental to the Company’s business, including claims based on ratings assigned by MIS. Moody’s is also subject to ongoing tax audits in the normal course of business. Management periodically assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with these matters based upon the latest information available. Moody’s discloses material pending legal proceedings pursuant to SEC rules and other pending matters as it may determine to be appropriate.

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For claims, litigation and proceedings and governmental investigations and inquiries not related to income taxes, the Company records liabilities in the consolidated financial statements when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated and periodically adjusts these as appropriate. When the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range of amounts, the minimum amount of the range is accrued unless some higher amount within the range is a better estimate than another amount within the range. In instances when a loss is reasonably possible but uncertainties exist related to the probable outcome and/or the amount or range of loss, management does not record a liability but discloses the contingency if material. As additional information becomes available, the Company adjusts its assessments and estimates of such matters accordingly. Moody’s also discloses material pending legal proceedings pursuant to SEC rules and other pending matters as it may determine to be appropriate.

In view of the inherent difficulty of assessing the potential outcome of legal proceedings, governmental, regulatory and legislative investigations and inquiries, claims and litigation and similar matters and contingencies, particularly when the claimants seek large or indeterminate damages or assert novel legal theories or the matters involve a large number of parties, the Company often cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be or the timing of any resolution of such matters. The Company also may be unable to predict the impact (if any) that any such matters may have on how its business is conducted, on its competitive position or on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. As the process to resolve any pending matters progresses, management will continue to review the latest information available and assess its ability to predict the outcome of such matters and the effects, if any, on its operations and financial condition and to accrue for and disclose such matters as and when required. However, because such matters are inherently unpredictable and unfavorable developments or resolutions can occur, the ultimate outcome of such matters, including the amount of any loss, may differ from those estimates.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses include costs associated with the development and production of the Company’s products and services and their delivery to customers. These expenses principally include employee compensation and benefits and travel costs that are incurred in connection with these activities. Operating expenses are charged to income as incurred.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses include such items as compensation and benefits for corporate officers and staff and compensation and other expenses related to sales. They also include items such as office rent, business insurance, professional fees and gains and losses from sales and disposals of assets. SG&A expenses are charged to income as incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

For all operations outside the U.S. where the Company has designated the local currency as the functional currency, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using end of year exchange rates, and revenue and expenses are translated using average exchange rates for the year. For these foreign operations, currency translation adjustments are recorded to other comprehensive income.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income represents the change in net assets of a business enterprise during a period due to transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources including foreign currency translation impacts, net actuarial gains and losses and net prior service costs related to pension and other retirement plans and gains and losses on derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges or cash flow hedges. Comprehensive income items, including cumulative translation adjustments of entities that are less-than-wholly-owned subsidiaries, will be reclassified to noncontrolling interests and thereby, adjusting accumulated other comprehensive income proportionately in accordance with the percentage of ownership interest of the NCI shareholder.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740. Therefore, income tax expense is based on reported income before income taxes and deferred income taxes reflect the effect of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities that are recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts that are recognized for income tax purposes.

The Company classifies interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations. Penalties are recognized in other non-operating expenses. For UTPs, the Company first determines whether it is more-likely-than-not (defined as a likelihood of more than fifty percent) that a tax position will be sustained based on its technical merits as of the reporting date, assuming that taxing authorities will examine the position and have full knowledge of all relevant information. A tax position that meets this more-likely-than-not threshold is then measured and recognized at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely to be realized upon effective settlement with a taxing authority.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law, resulting in all previously undistributed foreign earnings being subject to U.S. tax. The Company has provided deferred taxes for those entities whose earnings are not considered indefinitely reinvested.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, trade receivables and payables, and certain short-term investments consisting primarily of certificates of deposit and money market deposits, all of which are short-term in nature and, accordingly, approximate fair value.

The Company also invests in mutual funds, which are accounted for as equity securities with readily determinable fair values under ASC Topic 321. The Company measures these investments at fair value with both realized gains and losses and unrealized holding gains and losses for these investments included in net income.

Also, the Company uses derivative instruments to manage certain financial exposures that occur in the normal course of business. These derivative instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Fair value is defined by the ASC 820 as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The determination of this fair value is based on the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company could commence transactions and considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and risk of nonperformance. Also, determination of fair value assumes that market participants will consider the highest and best use of the asset.

The ASC establishes a fair value hierarchy whereby the inputs contained in valuation techniques used to measure fair value are categorized into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1: quoted market prices in active markets that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the date of the fair value measurement;

Level 2: inputs other than quoted market prices described in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities;

Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value measurement of the assets or liabilities.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk principally consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, trade receivables and derivatives.

The Company manages its credit risk exposure by allocating its cash equivalents among various money market mutual funds, money market deposit accounts, certificates of deposits and high-grade commercial paper. Short-term investments primarily consist of certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company manages its credit risk exposure on cash equivalents and short-term investments by limiting the amount it can invest with any single entity. No customer accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable at December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Earnings per Share of Common Stock

Basic shares outstanding is calculated based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted shares outstanding is calculated giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares, assuming that such shares were outstanding and dilutive during the reporting period.

Pension and Other Retirement Benefits

Moody’s maintains various noncontributory DBPPs as well as other contributory and noncontributory retirement plans. The expense and assets/liabilities that the Company reports for its pension and other retirement benefits are dependent on many assumptions concerning the outcome of future events and circumstances. These assumptions represent the Company’s best estimates and may vary by plan. The differences between the assumptions for the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and actual experience is spread over a five-year period to the market-related value of plan assets, which is used in determining the expected return on assets component of annual pension expense. All other actuarial gains and losses are generally deferred and amortized over the estimated average future working life of active plan participants.

The Company recognizes as an asset or liability in its consolidated balance sheet the funded status of its defined benefit retirement plans, measured on a plan-by-plan basis. Changes in the funded status due to actuarial gains/losses are recorded as part of other comprehensive income during the period the changes occur.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825 Financial Instruments”. This ASU clarifies and improves guidance related to the recently issued standards updates on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement of financial instruments. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this ASU will have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes". This ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740, Income Taxes, and clarifies certain aspects of the existing guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. Most amendments within this ASU are required to be applied on a prospective basis, while certain amendments must be applied on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this ASU will have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform - Scope,” which clarified the scope and application of the original guidance, ASU No. 2020-04, "Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting" ("ASU No. 2020-04"), issued in March 2020. ASU No. 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. Both ASU's were effective upon issuance, and the Company may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022 as the transition from LIBOR is completed.

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Revenue by Category

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by LOB:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
MIS:
Corporate finance (CFG)
Investment-grade			$	636					$	379					$	271
High-yield			352						258						175
Bank loans			287						313						379
Other accounts (CFG) (1)			582						547						554
Total CFG			1,857						1,497						1,379
Structured finance (SFG)
Asset-backed securities			98						99						107
RMBS			96						95						98
CMBS			61						81						78
Structured credit			105						148						196
Other accounts (SFG)			2						4						2
Total SFG			362						427						481
Financial institutions (FIG)
Banking			355						320						290
Insurance			137						119						114
Managed investments			28						25						25
Other accounts (FIG)			10						12						13
Total FIG			530						476						442
Public, project and infrastructure finance (PPIF)
Public finance / sovereign			250						222						185
Project and infrastructure			246						224						206
Total PPIF			496						446						391
Total ratings revenue			3,245						2,846						2,693
MIS Other			47						29						19
Total external revenue			3,292						2,875						2,712
Intersegment royalty			148						134						124
Total MIS			3,440						3,009						2,836
MA:
Research, data and analytics (RD&A)			1,514						1,273						1,121
Enterprise risk solutions (ERS)			565						522						451
Professional services (PS) (2)			—						159						159
Total external revenue			2,079						1,954						1,731
Intersegment revenue			7						9						12
Total MA			2,086						1,963						1,743
Eliminations			( 155 )						( 143 )						( 136 )
Total MCO			$	5,371					$	4,829					$	4,443

(1) Other includes: recurring monitoring fees of a rated debt obligation and/or entities that issue such obligations as well as fees from programs such as commercial paper, medium term notes, and ICRA corporate finance revenue.

(2) Subsequent to the divestiture of MAKS in 2019, revenue from the MALS reporting unit, which previous to 2020 was reported in the PS LOB, is now reported as part of the RD&A LOB. Prior periods have not been reclassified as the amounts were not material.

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The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by LOB and geographic area:

			Year Ended December 31, 2020																		Year Ended December 31, 2019																		Year Ended December 31, 2018
			U.S.						Non-U.S.						Total						U.S.						Non-U.S.						Total						U.S.						Non-U.S.						Total
MIS:
Corporate finance			$	1,291					$	566					$	1,857					$	968					$	529					$	1,497					$	894					$	485					$	1,379
Structured finance			214						148						362						270						157						427						301						180						481
Financial institutions			250						280						530						200						276						476						194						248						442
Public, project and infrastructure finance			311						185						496						282						164						446						229						162						391
Total ratings revenue			2,066						1,179						3,245						1,720						1,126						2,846						1,618						1,075						2,693
MIS Other			2						45						47						1						28						29						1						18						19
Total MIS			2,068						1,224						3,292						1,721						1,154						2,875						1,619						1,093						2,712
MA:
Research, data and analytics			668						846						1,514						558						715						1,273						481						640						1,121
Enterprise risk solutions			219						346						565						201						321						522						170						281						451
Professional services (PS) (1)			—						—						—						64						95						159						60						99						159
Total MA			887						1,192						2,079						823						1,131						1,954						711						1,020						1,731
Total MCO			$	2,955					$	2,416					$	5,371					$	2,544					$	2,285					$	4,829					$	2,330					$	2,113					$	4,443

(1) Subsequent to the divestiture of MAKS in 2019, revenue from the MALS reporting unit, which previous to 2020 was reported in the PS LOB, is now reported as part of the RD&A LOB. Prior periods have not been reclassified as the amounts were not material.

The following table presents the Company's reportable segment revenues disaggregated by segment and geographic region:

						Year Ended December 31,
						2020						2019						2018
MIS:
U.S.						$	2,068					$	1,721					$	1,619
Non-U.S.:
EMEA						727						686						669
Asia-Pacific						345						320						300
Americas						152						148						124
Total Non-U.S.						1,224						1,154						1,093
Total MIS						3,292						2,875						2,712
MA:
U.S.						887						823						711
Non-U.S.:
EMEA						818						760						708
Asia-Pacific						226						231						193
Americas						148						140						119
Total Non-U.S.						1,192						1,131						1,020
Total MA						2,079						1,954						1,731
Total MCO						$	5,371					$	4,829					$	4,443

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The tables below summarize the split between transaction and relationship revenue. In the MIS segment, excluding MIS Other, transaction revenue represents the initial rating of a new debt issuance as well as other one-time fees while relationship revenue represents the recurring monitoring fees of a rated debt obligation and/or entities that issue such obligations, as well as revenue from programs such as commercial paper, medium-term notes and shelf registrations. In MIS Other, transaction revenue represents revenue from professional services and outsourcing engagements and relationship revenue represents subscription-based revenues. In the MA segment, relationship revenue represents subscription-based revenues and software maintenance revenue. Transaction revenue in MA represents perpetual software license fees and revenue from software implementation services, risk management advisory projects, and training and certification services.

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020																		2019																		2018
			Transaction						Relationship						Total						Transaction						Relationship						Total						Transaction						Relationship						Total
Corporate Finance			$	1,401					$	456					$	1,857					$	1,057					$	440					$	1,497					$	949					$	430					$	1,379
			75		%				25		%				100		%				71		%				29		%				100		%				69		%				31		%				100		%
Structured Finance			$	175					$	187					$	362					$	246					$	181					$	427					$	310					$	171					$	481
			48		%				52		%				100		%				58		%				42		%				100		%				64		%				36		%				100		%
Financial Institutions			$	265					$	265					$	530					$	212					$	264					$	476					$	187					$	255					$	442
			50		%				50		%				100		%				45		%				55		%				100		%				42		%				58		%				100		%
Public, Project and Infrastructure Finance			$	337					$	159					$	496					$	292					$	154					$	446					$	238					$	153					$	391
			68		%				32		%				100		%				65		%				35		%				100		%				61		%				39		%				100		%
MIS Other			$	4					$	43					$	47					$	2					$	27					$	29					$	2					$	17					$	19
			9		%				91		%				100		%				7		%				93		%				100		%				11		%				89		%				100		%
Total MIS			$	2,182					$	1,110					$	3,292					$	1,809					$	1,066					$	2,875					$	1,686					$	1,026					$	2,712
			66		%				34		%				100		%				63		%				37		%				100		%				62		%				38		%				100		%
Research, data and analytics			$	74					$	1,440					$	1,514					$	16					$	1,257					$	1,273					$	18					$	1,103					$	1,121
			5		%				95		%				100		%				1		%				99		%				100		%				2		%				98		%				100		%
Enterprise risk solutions			$	118					$	447					$	565					$	118					$	404					$	522					$	99					$	352					$	451
			21		%				79		%				100		%				23		%				77		%				100		%				22		%				78		%				100		%
Professional services (1)			$	—					$	—					$	—					$	159					$	—					$	159					$	159					$	—					$	159
			—		%				—		%				—		%				100		%				—		%				100		%				100		%				—		%				100		%
Total MA			$	192					$	1,887					$	2,079					$	293					$	1,661					$	1,954					$	276					$	1,455					$	1,731
			9		%				91		%				100		%				15		%				85		%				100		%				16		%				84		%				100		%
Total Moody’s Corporation			$	2,374					$	2,997					$	5,371					$	2,102					$	2,727					$	4,829					$	1,962					$	2,481					$	4,443
			44		%				56		%				100		%				44		%				56		%				100		%				44		%				56		%				100		%

(1) Subsequent to the divestiture of MAKS in 2019, the RD&A LOB now includes revenue from MALS beginning in the first quarter of 2020. MALS revenue was previously reported as part of the PS LOB and prior year revenue by LOB has not been reclassified as the amounts were not material.

The following table presents the timing of revenue recognition:

			Year Ended December 31, 2020																		Year Ended December 31, 2019																		Year Ended December 31, 2018
			MIS						MA						Total						MIS						MA						Total						MIS						MA						Total
Revenue recognized at a point in time			$	2,182					$	121					$	2,303					$	1,809					$	132					$	1,941					$	1,686					$	99					$	1,785
Revenue recognized over time			1,110						1,958						3,068						1,066						1,822						2,888						1,026						1,632						2,658
Total			$	3,292					$	2,079					$	5,371					$	2,875					$	1,954					$	4,829					$	2,712					$	1,731					$	4,443

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Unbilled Receivables, Deferred Revenue and Remaining Performance Obligations

Unbilled receivables

At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, accounts receivable included approximately $ 361 million and $ 346 million, respectively, of unbilled receivables related to the MIS segment. Certain MIS arrangements contain contractual terms whereby the customers are billed in arrears for annual monitoring services and rating fees, requiring revenue to be accrued as an unbilled receivable as such services are provided.

In addition, for certain MA arrangements, the timing of when the Company has the unconditional right to consideration and recognizes revenue occurs prior to invoicing the customer. Consequently, at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, accounts receivable included approximately $ 98 million and $ 53 million, respectively, of unbilled receivables related to the MA segment.

Deferred revenue

The Company recognizes deferred revenue when a contract requires a customer to pay consideration to the Company in advance of when revenue is recognized. This deferred revenue is relieved when the Company satisfies the related performance obligation and revenue is recognized.

Significant changes in the deferred revenue balances during the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:

			Year Ended December 31, 2020
			MIS						MA						Total
Balance at December 31, 2019			$	322					$	840					$	1,162
Changes in deferred revenue
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period			( 229 )						( 800 )						( 1,029 )
Increases due to amounts billable excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period			215						792						1,007
Increases due to acquisitions during the period			—						24						24
Effect of exchange rate changes			5						18						23
Total changes in deferred revenue			( 9 )						34						25
Balance at December 31, 2020			$	313					$	874					$	1,187
Deferred revenue - current			$	216					$	873					$	1,089
Deferred revenue - noncurrent			$	97					$	1					$	98

For the MA segment, for the year ended December 31, 2020, the increase in the deferred revenue balance was primarily due to acquisitions (RDC, Acquire Media, ZMFS, and Catylist) and changes in FX translation rates.

Significant changes in the deferred revenue balances during the year ended December 31, 2019 are as follows:

			Year Ended December 31, 2019
			MIS						MA						Total
Balance at December 31, 2018			$	325					$	750					$	1,075
Changes in deferred revenue
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period			( 209 )						( 714 )						( 923 )
Increases due to amounts billable excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period			202						789						991
Increases due to acquisitions during the period			3						6						9
Effect of exchange rate changes			1						9						10
Total changes in deferred revenue			( 3 )						90						87
Balance at December 31, 2019			$	322					$	840					$	1,162
Deferred revenue—current			$	214					$	836					$	1,050
Deferred revenue—noncurrent			$	108					$	4					$	112

For the MA segment, for the year ended December 31, 2019, the increase in the deferred revenue balance was primarily due to organic growth.

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Significant changes in the deferred revenue balances during the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:

			Year Ended December 31, 2018
			MIS						MA						Total
Balance at January 1, 2018 (after New Revenue Accounting Standard transition adjustment)			$	334					$	612					$	946
Changes in deferred revenue
Revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period			( 218 )						( 590 )						( 808 )
Increases due to amounts billable excluding amounts recognized as revenue during the period			216						730						946
Increases due to acquisitions during the period			—						16						16
Effect of exchange rate changes			( 7 )						( 18 )						( 25 )
Total changes in deferred revenue			( 9 )						138						129
Balance at December 31, 2018			$	325					$	750					$	1,075
Deferred revenue—current			$	207					$	746					$	953
Deferred revenue—noncurrent			$	118					$	4					$	122

For the MA segment, for the year ended December 31, 2018, the increase in the deferred revenue balance was primarily due to organic growth and the Reis acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Remaining performance obligations

Remaining performance obligations in the MIS segment largely reflect deferred revenue related to monitoring fees for certain structured finance products, primarily CMBS, where the issuers can elect to pay the monitoring fees for the life of the security in advance. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $ 130 million. The Company expects to recognize into revenue approximately 20 % of this balance within one year , approximately 50 % of this balance between one to five years and the remaining amount thereafter. With respect to the remaining performance obligations for the MIS segment, the Company has applied a practical expedient set forth in ASC Topic 606 permitting the omission of unsatisfied performance obligations relating to contracts with an original expected length of one year or less.

Remaining performance obligations in the MA segment include both amounts recorded as deferred revenue on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2020 as well as amounts not yet invoiced to customers as of December 31, 2020 largely reflecting future revenue related to signed multi-year arrangements for hosted and installed subscription-based products. As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $ 2.2 billion. The Company expects to recognize into revenue approximately 65 % of this balance within one year , approximately 20 % of this balance between one to two years and the remaining amount thereafter.

Below is a reconciliation of basic to diluted shares outstanding:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Basic			187.6						189.3						191.6
Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans			1.7						2.3						2.8
Diluted			189.3						191.6						194.4
Antidilutive options to purchase common shares and restricted stock as well as contingently issuable restricted stock which are excluded from the table above			0.2						0.2						0.4

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The table below provides additional information on the Company’s cash equivalents and investments:

			As of December 31, 2020
			Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Fair Value						Balance sheet location
																					Cash and cash equivalents						Short-term investments						Other assets
Certificates of deposit and money market deposit accounts (1)			$	1,430					$	—					$	1,430					$	1,325					$	99					$	6
Mutual funds			$	54					$	6					$	60					$	—					$	—					$	60

			As of December 31, 2019
			Cost						Gross Unrealized Gains						Fair Value						Balance sheet location
																					Cash and cash equivalents						Short-term investments						Other assets
Certificates of deposit and money market deposit accounts (1)			$	971					$	—					$	971					$	866					$	95					$	10
Mutual funds			$	3					$	—					$	3					$	—					$	3					$	—

(1) Consists of time deposits and money market deposit accounts. The remaining contractual maturities for the certificates of deposits classified as short-term investments were one to 12 months at December 31, 2020 and at December 31, 2019. The remaining contractual maturities for the certificates of deposits classified in other assets are 13 to 23 months at December 31, 2020 and 13 to 18 months at December 31, 2019. Time deposits with a maturity of less than 90 days at time of purchase are classified as cash and cash equivalents.

In addition, the Company invested in Corporate-Owned Life Insurance (COLI) in the first quarter of 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the contract value of the COLI was $ 17 million.

The Company is exposed to global market risks, including risks from changes in FX rates and changes in interest rates. Accordingly, the Company uses derivatives in certain instances to manage the aforementioned financial exposures that occur in the normal course of business. The Company does not hold or issue derivatives for speculative purposes.

Derivatives and non-derivative instruments designated as accounting hedges:

Interest Rate Swaps Designated as Fair Value Hedges

The Company has entered into interest rate swaps to convert the fixed interest rate on certain of its long-term debt to a floating interest rate based on the 3-month and 6-month LIBOR. The purpose of these hedges is to mitigate the risk associated with changes in the fair value of the long-term debt, thus the Company has designated these swaps as fair value hedges. The fair value of the swaps is adjusted quarterly with a corresponding adjustment to the carrying value of the debt. The changes in the fair value of the swaps and the underlying hedged item generally offset and the net cash settlements on the swaps are recorded each period within interest expense, net in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

The following table summarizes the Company’s interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges:

						Nature of Swap						Notional Amount As of December 31,												Floating Interest Rate
Hedged Item												2020						2019
2012 Senior Notes due 2022						Pay Floating/Receive Fixed						$	330					$	330					3-month LIBOR
2017 Senior Notes due 2021 (1)						Pay Floating/Receive Fixed						$	—					$	500					3-month LIBOR
2017 Senior Notes due 2023						Pay Floating/Receive Fixed						$	250					$	250					3-month LIBOR
2017 Senior Notes due 2028 (2)						Pay Floating/Receive Fixed						$	500					$	—					3-month LIBOR
2020 Senior Notes due 2025 (3)						Pay Floating/Receive Fixed						$	300					$	—					6-month LIBOR
Total												$	1,380					$	1,080

(1) These interest rates swaps were terminated in conjunction with the repayment of the 2017 Senior Notes due 2021 in the third quarter of 2020.

(2) These interest rate swaps were executed in the first quarter of 2020.

(3) These interest rate swaps were executed in the third quarter of 2020.

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Refer to Note 18 for information on the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of the above hedged items.

The following table summarizes the impact to the statement of operations of the Company’s interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges:

Total amounts of financial statement line item presented in the statements of operations in which the effects of fair value hedges are recorded												Amount of Income Recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
												Year Ended December 31,
												2020						2019						2018
Interest expense, net												$	( 205 )					$	( 208 )					$	( 215 )
Descriptions						Location on Consolidated Statements of Operations
Net interest settlements and accruals on interest rate swaps						Interest expense, net						$	19					$	3					$	( 2 )
Fair value changes on interest rate swaps						Interest expense, net						47						25						2
Fair value changes on hedged debt						Interest expense, net						$	( 47 )					$	( 25 )					$	( 2 )

Net Investment Hedges

Debt designated as net investment hedges

The Company has designated € 500 million of the 2015 Senior Notes Due 2027 and € 750 million of the 2019 Senior Notes due 2030 as net investment hedges to mitigate FX exposure related to a portion of the Company’s euro net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries against changes in euro/USD exchange rates. These hedges are designated as accounting hedges under the applicable sections of ASC Topic 815 and will end upon the repayment of the notes in 2027 and 2030, respectively, unless terminated early at the discretion of the Company.

Cross currency swaps designated as net investment hedges

The Company enters into cross-currency swaps to mitigate FX exposure related to a portion of the Company’s euro net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries against changes in euro/USD exchange rates. The following table provides information on the cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges under ASC Topic 815:

December 31, 2020
						Pay												Receive
Nature of Swap						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Interest Rate						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Interest Rate
Pay Fixed/Receive Fixed						€	1,079					1.43 %						$	1,220					3.96 %
Pay Floating/Receive Floating						959						Based on 3-month EURIBOR						1,080						Based on 3-month USD LIBOR
Total						€	2,038											$	2,300

December 31, 2019
						Pay												Receive
Nature of Swap						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Interest Rate						Notional Amount						Weighted Average Interest Rate
Pay Fixed/Receive Fixed						€	1,079					1.43 %						$	1,220					3.96 %
Pay Floating/Receive Floating						931						Based on 3-month EURIBOR						1,080						Based on 3-month USD LIBOR
Total						€	2,010											$	2,300

During the first quarter of 2020, the Company executed € 450 million notional value of cross-currency swaps (set to expire in 2026). During the third quarter of 2020, the Company early-terminated € 422.5 million notional value of cross-currency swaps (set to expire in 2021), resulting in immaterial cash proceeds.

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As of December 31, 2020, these hedges will expire and the notional amounts will be settled as follows unless terminated early at the discretion of the Company:

Year Ending December 31,
2021						€	265
2022						€	438
2023						€	442
2024						€	443
2026						€	450
Total						€	2,038

Forward contracts designated as net investment hedges

The Company also enters into forward contracts to mitigate FX exposure related to a portion of the Company’s euro and GBP net investment in certain foreign subsidiaries against changes in euro/USD and GBP/euro exchange rates. The following table summarizes the notional amounts of the Company's outstanding forward contracts that were designated as net investment hedges:

						December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
Notional amount of net investment hedges						Sell						Buy						Sell						Buy
Contract to sell EUR for USD						€	524					$	627					—						—
Contract to sell GBP for EUR						£	134					€	148					—						—

These forward contracts both will expire in February 2021.

Cash Flow Hedges

Interest Rate Forward Contracts

In January 2020, the Company entered into $ 300 million notional amount treasury rate locks with an average locked-in U.S. 30-year Treasury rate of 2.0103 %, which were designated as cash flow hedges and used to manage the Company’s interest rate risk during the period prior to an anticipated issuance of 30-year debt. The treasury lock interest rate forward contracts matured on April 30, 2020, resulting in a cumulative loss of $ 68 million, which was recognized in AOCI. The loss on the Treasury rate lock will be reclassified from AOCI to earnings in the same period that the hedged transaction (i.e. interest payments on the 3.25 % 2020 Senior Notes, due 2050) impacts earnings.

The following table provides information on the gains/(losses) on the Company’s net investment and cash flow hedges:

			Amount of Gain/(Loss) Recognized in AOCI on Derivative, net of Tax																		Amount of Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from AOCI into Income, net of tax																		Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative (Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
Derivative and Non-Derivative Instruments in Net Investment Hedging Relationships			Year Ended December 31,																		Year Ended December 31,																		Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018						2020						2019						2018						2020						2019						2018
FX forward contracts			$	( 14 )					$	4					$	—					$	—					$	2					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Cross currency swaps			( 165 )						29						12						—						—						—						50						52						11
Long-term debt			( 95 )						( 7 )			(1)			22						—						—						—						—						—						—
Total net investment hedges			$	( 274 )					$	26					$	34					$	—					$	2					$	—					$	50					$	52					$	11
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
Cross currency swap			$	—					$	—					$	2					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
Interest rate contracts			( 51 )						—						( 2 )						( 2 )						—						—						—						—						—
Total cash flow hedges			( 51 )						—						—						( 2 )						—						—						—						—						—
Total			$	( 325 )					$	26					$	34					$	( 2 )					$	2					$	—					$	50					$	52					$	11

(1) Due to the Company's adoption of ASU 2018-02 during 2019, $ 3 million related to the tax effect of this net investment hedge was reclassified to retained earnings.

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The cumulative amount of net investment hedge and cash flow hedge gains (losses) remaining in AOCI is as follows:

			Cumulative Gains/(Losses), net of tax
			December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Net investment hedges
Cross currency swaps			$	( 124 )					$	41
FX forwards			12						26
Long-term debt			( 108 )						( 13 )
Total net investment hedges			( 220 )						54
Cash flow hedges
Interest Rate Contract			( 51 )						( 2 )
Cross-currency swap			2						2
Total cash flow hedges			( 49 )						—
Total net (loss) gain in AOCI			$	( 269 )					$	54

Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges:

Foreign exchange forwards

The Company also enters into foreign exchange forward contracts to mitigate the change in fair value on certain assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency. These forward contracts are not designated as accounting hedges under the applicable sections of Topic 815 of the ASC. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of these contracts are recognized immediately in other non-operating (expense) income, net in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations along with the FX gain or loss recognized on the assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the subsidiary’s functional currency. These contracts have expiration dates at various times through February 2021.

The following table summarizes the notional amounts of the Company’s outstanding foreign exchange forwards:

			December 31, 2020															December 31, 2019
Notional Amount of Currency Pair:			Sell						Buy									Sell						Buy
Contracts to sell USD for GBP			$	295					£			222						$	235					£			178
Contracts to sell USD for Japanese Yen			$	15					¥			1,600						$	29					¥			3,200
Contracts to sell USD for Canadian dollars			$	107					C$			140						$	83					C$			110
Contracts to sell USD for Singapore dollars			$	59					S$			79						$	41					S$			56
Contracts to sell USD for Euros			$	447					€			376						$	421					€			378
Contracts to sell Euros for GBP			€	135					£			121						€	25					£			21
Contracts to sell USD for Russian Ruble			$	13					₽			1,000						$	—					₽			—
Contracts to sell USD for Indian Rupee			$	18					₹			1,350						$	—					₹			—

NOTE: € = Euro, £ = British pound, S$ = Singapore dollar, $ = U.S. dollar, ¥ = Japanese yen, C$ = Canadian dollar, ₽ = Russian Ruble, ₹= Indian Rupee

The following table summarizes the impact to the consolidated statements of operations relating to the net gain (loss) on the Company’s derivatives which are not designated as hedging instruments:

						Year Ended December 31,
Derivatives Not Designated as Accounting Hedges			Location on Statement of Operations			2020						2019						2018
FX forwards			Other non-operating expense, net			$	41					$	( 11 )					$	( 52 )

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The table below shows the classification between assets and liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for the fair value of derivative instruments as well as the carrying value of its non-derivative debt instruments designated and qualifying as net investment hedges:

			Derivative and Non-derivative Instruments
			Balance Sheet Location						December 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
Assets:
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges:
Cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges			Other assets						$	—					$	56
Interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges			Other assets						57						27
Total derivatives designated as accounting hedges									57						83
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges:
FX forwards on certain assets and liabilities			Other current assets						31						9
Total assets									$	88					$	92
Liabilities:
Derivatives designated as accounting hedges:
FX forwards designated as net investment hedges			Accounts payable and accrued liabilities						$	16					$	—
Cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges			Accounts payable and accrued liabilities						23						—
Cross-currency swaps designated as net investment hedges			Other liabilities						144						—
Interest rate swaps			Other liabilities						1						—
Total derivatives designated as accounting hedges									184						—
Non-derivative instrument designated as accounting hedge:
Long-term debt designated as net investment hedge			Long-term debt						1,530						1,403
Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges:
FX forwards on certain assets and liabilities			Accounts payable and accrued liabilities						2						—
Total liabilities									$	1,716					$	1,403

Property and equipment, net consisted of:

						December 31,
						2020									2019
Office and computer equipment ( 3 - 10 year estimated useful life)						$	260								$	221
Office furniture and fixtures ( 3 - 10 year estimated useful life)						49									51
Internal-use computer software ( 1 - 10 year estimated useful life)						666									619
Leasehold improvements and building ( 1 - 21 year estimated useful life)						231									240
Total property and equipment, at cost						1,206									1,131
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization						( 928 )									( 839 )
Total property and equipment, net						$	278								$	292

Depreciation and amortization expense related to the above assets was $ 96 million, $ 97 million, and $ 90 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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qualify for separate recognition. Pro forma financial information has not been presented for any of the acquired businesses described below as the financial results of these acquired entities are not material relative to the Company’s financial results.

RDC

On February 13, 2020, the Company acquired 100 % of RDC, a provider of anti-money laundering and know-your-customer data and due diligence services.

The table below details the total consideration relating to the acquisition:

Cash paid at closing						$	700
Additional consideration paid to sellers in 2020 (1)						2
Total consideration						$	702

(1) Represents additional consideration paid to the sellers following finalization of customary post-closing completion adjustments.

Shown below is the purchase price allocation, which summarizes the fair value of the assets and liabilities assumed, at the date of acquisition:

(Amounts in millions)
Current assets									$	24
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships ( 25 year weighted average life)			$	174
Database ( 10 year weighted average life)			86
Product technology ( 4 year weighted average life)			17
Trade name ( 3 year weighted average life)			3
Total intangible assets ( 19 year weighted average life)									280
Goodwill									494
Other assets									2
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			$	( 5 )
Deferred revenue			( 20 )
Deferred tax liabilities			( 71 )
Other liabilities			( 2 )
Total liabilities									( 98 )
Net assets acquired									$	702

Current assets in the table above include acquired cash of $ 6 million. Additionally, current assets include accounts receivable of approximately $ 14 million.

Goodwill

The goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition includes, among other things, the value of combining the complementary product portfolios of the Company and RDC, which is expected to extend the Company’s reach to new and evolving market segments as well as cost savings synergies, expected new customer acquisitions and products.

Goodwill, which has been assigned to the MA segment, is not deductible for tax purposes.

RDC is a component of the Bureau van Dijk reporting unit for purposes of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment assessment.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs directly related to the RDC acquisition were not material.

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Reis

On October 15, 2018, a subsidiary of the Company acquired 100 % of Reis, Inc., a provider of commercial real estate market information and analytical tools to real estate professionals. The cash payment of $ 278 million was funded with cash on hand. The acquisition further expands Moody’s Analytics’ network of data and analytics providers in the commercial real estate space.

Shown below is the purchase price allocation, which summarizes the fair value of the assets and liabilities assumed, at the date of acquisition:

(Amounts in millions)
Current assets									$	32
Property and equipment									4
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships ( 14 year weighted average life)			$	77
Database ( 5 year weighted average life)			13
Product technology ( 7 year weighted average life)			10
Trade name ( 10 year weighted average life)			4
Total intangible assets ( 12 year weighted average life)									104
Goodwill									183
Deferred tax assets									13
Liabilities:
Deferred revenue			$	( 14 )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			( 20 )
Deferred tax liabilities			( 24 )
Total liabilities									( 58 )
Net assets acquired									$	278

Current assets in the table above include acquired cash of $ 24 million. Additionally, current assets include accounts receivable of approximately $ 6 million.

Goodwill

The goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition includes, among other things, the value of combining the complementary product portfolios of the Company and Reis, which is expected to extend the Company’s reach to new and evolving market segments as well as cost savings synergies, expected new customer acquisitions and products.

Goodwill, which has been assigned to the MA segment, is not deductible for tax purposes.

Reis is a separate reporting unit for the purposes of the Company’s annual goodwill impairment assessment.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs directly related to the Reis acquisition were not material.

Other Acquisitions

Below is a discussion of acquisitions executed by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 for which the purchase prices were not individually material and the near term impact to the Company's financial statements (both individually and in the aggregate) is not expected to be material.

The following businesses were acquired in 2019 and operate in the MIS reportable segment:

In April 2019, the Company acquired a majority stake in Vigeo Eiris, a provider of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) research, data and assessments. The acquisition furthers Moody’s objective of promoting global standards for ESG for use by market participants. During 2020, the Company increased its stake in Vigeo Eiris from 69.2 % to 99.8 %. Vigeo Eiris revenue is reported in the MIS Other LOB.

In July 2019, the Company acquired a majority stake in Four Twenty Seven, Inc., a provider of data, intelligence, and analysis related to physical climate risks. Four Twenty Seven Climate Solutions revenue is reported in the MIS Other LOB. In connection with this transaction, Moody's recognized a Redeemable Non-controlling Interest for the portion of Four Twenty Seven which the Company does not own. This Redeemable Non-controlling interest was not material.

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The following businesses were acquired in 2020 and operate in the MA reportable segment:

During the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company acquired three additional businesses within the MA reportable segment, which were not individually material, but are material in aggregate, to Moody's consolidated financial statements:

– In December 2020, the Company acquired 100 % of Catylist, Inc., a provider of commercial real estate solutions for brokers. Catylist revenue is reported in the RD&A LOB.

– In December 2020, the Company acquired 100 % of ZM Financial Systems, a provider of financial management software for the U.S. banking sector. ZMFS revenue is reported in the ERS LOB.

– In October 2020, the Company acquired 100 % of Acquire Media, an aggregator and distributor of curated real-time news, multimedia, data, and alerts. AM revenue is reported in the RD&A LOB.

The aggregate consideration transferred for the aforementioned acquisitions of $ 205 million was funded by cash on hand, and is subject to customary post-closing completion adjustments that are not expected to be material.

The Company has performed preliminary valuation analyses of the fair market value of assets and liabilities of the acquired businesses. The final purchase price allocations will be determined when the Company has completed and fully reviewed the detailed valuations. The final allocations could differ materially from the preliminary allocations. The final allocations may include changes in allocations to acquired intangible assets as well as goodwill and other changes to assets and liabilities including tax liabilities. The estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets are also preliminary.

The following table summarizes the aggregate preliminary estimates of fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the respective closing dates for each acquisition.

(Amounts in millions)
Current assets						$	5
Intangible assets:
Customer relationships ( 18 year weighted average life)			$	47
Product technology ( 8 year weighted average life)			23
Database ( 10 year weighted average life)			8
Trade name ( 14 year weighted average life)			4
Total intangible assets ( 14 year weighted average life)						82
Goodwill						131
Other assets						3
Total assets acquired						221
Current liabilities						8
Long-term liabilities						8
Total liabilities assumed						16
Net assets acquired						$	205

The following businesses were acquired in 2019 and 2018 and operate in the MA reportable segment:

– In October 2019, the Company acquired the ABS Suite business, which includes a software platform used by issuers and trustees for the administration of asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities programs. ABS Suite revenue is reported in the RD&A LOB.

– In July 2019, the Company acquired 100 % of RiskFirst, a company providing risk analytic solutions for the asset management and pension fund communities. RiskFirst revenue is reported in the ERS LOB.

– In August 2018, the Company acquired 100 % of Omega Performance, a provider of online credit training. Revenue for Omega Performance is reported in the PS LOB.

Divestiture

On November 8, 2019, the Company completed the sale of MAKS to Equistone Partners Europe Limited (Equistone), a European private equity firm for $ 227 million in net cash proceeds.

This divestiture resulted in a loss of $ 23 million ($ 9 million in 2020 and $ 14 million in 2019), which included $ 32 million of currency translation losses reclassified from AOCI to the statement of operations. Additionally, in connection with this divestiture, the Company has recorded certain indemnification provisions. These provisions totaled $ 33 million and $ 43 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. These amounts are included in other liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 in the consolidated balance sheets of the Company.

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The following table summarizes the activity in goodwill:

			Year Ended December 31, 2020
			MIS																		MA																		Consolidated
			Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill						Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill						Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year			$	315					$	—					$	315					$	3,419					$	( 12 )					$	3,407					$	3,734					$	( 12 )					$	3,722
Additions/ adjustments (1)			( 2 )						—						( 2 )						628						—						628						626						—						626
Foreign currency translation adjustments			( 2 )						—						( 2 )						210						—						210						208						—						208
Ending Balance			$	311					$	—					$	311					$	4,257					$	( 12 )					$	4,245					$	4,568					$	( 12 )					$	4,556

			Year Ended December 31, 2019
			MIS																		MA																		Consolidated
			Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill						Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill						Gross goodwill						Accumulated impairment charge						Net goodwill
Balance at beginning of year			$	258					$	—					$	258					$	3,535					$	( 12 )					$	3,523					$	3,793					$	( 12 )					$	3,781
Additions/ adjustments (2)			53						—						53						61						—						61						114						—						114
Foreign currency translation adjustments			4						—						4						( 14 )						—						( 14 )						( 10 )						—						( 10 )
Divestiture of MAKS																					$	( 163 )											$	( 163 )					$	( 163 )					$	—					$	( 163 )
Ending balance			$	315					$	—					$	315					$	3,419					$	( 12 )					$	3,407					$	3,734					$	( 12 )					$	3,722

(1) The 2020 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RDC, AM, ZMFS, and Catylist.

(2) The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MIS segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of Vigeo Eiris and Four Twenty Seven. The 2019 additions/adjustments for the MA segment in the table above relate to the acquisitions of RiskFirst and ABS Suite.

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Acquired intangible assets and related amortization consisted of:

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Customer relationships			$	1,623					$	1,325
Accumulated amortization			( 313 )						( 235 )
Net customer relationships			1,310						1,090
Trade secrets			30						30
Accumulated amortization			( 29 )						( 29 )
Net trade secrets			1						1
Software/product technology			417						372
Accumulated amortization			( 166 )						( 131 )
Net software/product technology			251						241
Trade names			161						150
Accumulated amortization			( 38 )						( 30 )
Net trade names			123						120
Other (1)			192						80
Accumulated amortization			( 53 )						( 34 )
Net other			139						46
Total			$	1,824					$	1,498

(1) Other intangible assets primarily consist of databases, covenants not to compete, and acquired ratings methodologies and models.

Amortization expense relating to acquired intangible assets is as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Amortization expense			$	124					$	103					$	102

Estimated future annual amortization expense for intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows:

Year Ending December 31,
2021						$	131
2022						131
2023						126
2024						119
2025						117
Thereafter						1,200
Total estimated future amortization						$	1,824

Matters concerning the ICRA reporting unit

On August 29, 2019, the board of directors of ICRA terminated the employment of ICRA's CEO and on September 28, 2019, the shareholders of ICRA voted to remove the former CEO from his position on ICRA's board of directors. ICRA appointed a new Managing Director & Group CEO effective August 10, 2020. ICRA has reported that the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) issued an adjudication order dated December 26, 2019 imposing a penalty of INR 25 lakh (approximately $ 35,000 ) on ICRA in connection with credit ratings assigned to one of ICRA’s customers and the customer’s subsidiaries. ICRA has further reported that: (i) it had appealed that order; and (ii) it has received a related "show cause" notice from SEBI asking ICRA to demonstrate why the penalty imposed should not be increased. In an order dated September 22, 2020, SEBI increased the penalty imposed on ICRA from INR 25 lakh to INR 1 crore (approximately $ 140,000 ) and ICRA has disclosed that it has appealed that order. In addition, ICRA has disclosed that it completed the internal examinations it conducted into anonymous allegations that were forwarded to ICRA by SEBI, certain additional allegations made during the course of that examination, and a separate anonymous complaint. ICRA reported that its Board of Directors have taken appropriate actions based on the findings of the completed examinations. As of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K, the Company is unable to estimate the financial impact, if any, that may result from a potential unfavorable conclusion of these matters or any other ICRA inquiry. An unfavorable resolution of such matters may negatively impact ICRA’s future operating results, which could result in an impairment of goodwill and amortizable intangible assets in future quarters.

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On December 22, 2020, the chief executive officer of Moody’s approved a restructuring program (the “2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program”) that the Company estimates will result in annualized savings of $ 25 to $ 30 million per year. This program relates to a strategic reorganization in the MA reportable segment and is estimated to result in total pre-tax charges of approximately $ 20 to $ 30 million, consisting of severance and related costs primarily determined under the Company’s existing severance plans. The 2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program is expected to be substantially complete in the first half of 2021. Cash outlays associated with this program are expected to be $ 20 to $ 30 million, which will be paid through 2022.

On July 29, 2020, the chief executive officer of Moody’s approved a restructuring program (the “2020 Real Estate Rationalization Restructuring Program”) primarily in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which revolves around the rationalization and exit of certain real estate leases. The exit from certain leased office space began in the third quarter of 2020 and is anticipated to be substantially completed during the first half of 2021. The 2020 Real Estate Rationalization Restructuring Program primarily reflects non-cash charges related to the impairment of operating lease right-of-use assets and leasehold improvements. The 2020 Restructuring Program is expected to result in an estimated annualized savings of approximately $ 5 to $ 6 million a year and is substantially complete at December 31, 2020.

On October 26, 2018, the chief executive officer of Moody’s approved a restructuring program (the “2018 Restructuring Program”) that the Company estimates will result in annualized savings of approximately $ 60 million per year. The 2018 Restructuring Program, the scope of which was expanded in the second quarter of 2019, is substantially complete at December 31, 2020. The 2018 Restructuring Program included relocation of certain functions from high-cost to lower-cost jurisdictions, a reduction of staff, including from acquisitions and pursuant to a review of the business criticality of certain positions, and the rationalization and exit of certain real estate due to consolidation of various business activities. The exit from certain leased office space began in the fourth quarter of 2018 and resulted in $ 50 million of the charges to either terminate or sublease the affected real estate leases. The 2018 Restructuring Program also included $ 55 million of personnel-related restructuring charges, an amount that includes severance and related costs primarily determined under the Company’s existing severance plans. Cash outlays associated with the employee termination cost component of the 2018 Restructuring Program were $ 55 million.

Total expenses included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations relating to the Company's restructuring programs are as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
2018 Restructuring Program			$	( 4 )					$	60					$	49
2020 Real Estate Rationalization Restructuring Program			36						—						—
2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program			18						—						—
Total Restructuring			$	50					$	60					$	49

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Changes to the restructuring liability were as follows:

			Employee Termination Costs						Contract Termination Costs						Total Restructuring Liability
Balance as of December 31, 2018			$	30					$	12					$	42
2018 Restructuring Program (1) :
Adoption of New Lease Accounting Standard (2)			—						( 11 )						( 11 )
Cost incurred and adjustments			26						5						31
Cash payments and adjustments			( 35 )						( 3 )						( 38 )
Balance as of December 31, 2019			$	21					$	3					$	24
2018 Restructuring Program:
Cost incurred and adjustments			( 4 )						—						( 4 )
Cash payments and adjustments			( 17 )						( 1 )						( 18 )
2020 Real Estate Rationalization Restructuring Program (3) :
Cost incurred and adjustments			—						1						1
2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program:
Cost incurred and adjustments			18						—						18
Balance as of December 31, 2020			$	18					$	3					$	21
Cumulative expense incurred to date
2018 Restructuring Program			$	55					$	50
2020 Real Estate Rationalization Restructuring Program:			$	—					$	36
2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program:			$	18					$	—

(1) The liability excludes $ 4 million of non-cash acceleration of amortization of leasehold improvements relating to the rationalization and exit of certain real estate leases as well as $ 25 million of ROU Asset impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2019. The fair value of the impaired ROU Assets was determined by utilizing the present value of the estimated future cash flows attributable to the assets. The fair value of those ROU assets subsequent to the impairment was $ 18 million, and is categorized as Level 3 within the ASC Topic 820 fair value hierarchy.

(2) Upon the adoption of the New Lease Accounting Standard , the Company recorded a reclassification of $ 11 million of liabilities in the first quarter of 2019 for costs associated with certain real estate leases which were exited in previous years, as a reduction of the ROU Asset capitalized upon adoption.

(3) The liability excludes $ 13 million of non-cash acceleration of amortization of leasehold improvements relating to the rationalization and exit of certain real estate leases as well as $ 21 million of ROU Asset impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2020. The fair value of the impaired ROU Assets was determined by utilizing the present value of the estimated future cash flows attributable to the assets. The fair value of those ROU assets subsequent to the impairment was $ 10 million, and is categorized as Level 3 within the ASC Topic 820 fair value hierarchy.

As of December 31, 2020, a majority of the remaining $ 21 million restructuring liability is expected to be paid out through 2022.

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The table below presents information about items which are carried at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2020 and 2019:

									Fair value Measurement as of December 31, 2020
			Description						Balance						Level 1						Level 2
Assets:
			Derivatives (1)						$	88					$	—					$	88
			Mutual funds						60						60						—
			Total						$	148					$	60					$	88
Liabilities:
			Derivatives (1)						$	186					$	—					$	186
			Total						$	186					$	—					$	186

									Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2019
			Description						Balance						Level 1						Level 2
Assets:
			Derivatives (1)						$	92					$	—					$	92
			Mutual funds						3						3						—
			Total						$	95					$	3					$	92

(1) Represents FX forwards on certain assets and liabilities as well as interest rate swaps and cross-currency swaps as more fully described in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

The following are descriptions of the methodologies utilized by the Company to estimate the fair value of its derivative contracts, mutual funds, and money market mutual funds:

Derivatives:

In determining the fair value of the derivative contracts in the table above, the Company utilizes industry standard valuation models. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using spot rates, forward points, currency volatilities, interest rates as well as the risk of non-performance of the Company and the counterparties with whom it has derivative contracts. The Company established strict counterparty credit guidelines and only enters into transactions with financial institutions that adhere to these guidelines. Accordingly, the risk of counterparty default is deemed to be minimal.

Mutual funds:

The mutual funds in the table above are deemed to be equity securities with readily determinable fair values with changes in the fair value recognized through net income under ASC Topic 321. The fair value of these instruments is determined using Level 1 inputs as defined in the ASC Topic 820.

The following tables contain additional detail related to certain balance sheet captions:

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Other current assets:
Prepaid taxes			$	94					$	79
Prepaid expenses			91						71
Capitalized costs to obtain and fulfill sales contracts			93						91
Foreign exchange forwards on certain assets and liabilities			31						9
Other			74						80
Total other current assets			$	383					$	330

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			December 31,
			2020						2019
Other assets:
Investments in non-consolidated affiliates			$	135					$	117
Deposits for real-estate leases			19						13
Indemnification assets related to acquisitions			15						16
Mutual funds and fixed deposits			66						10
Company owned life insurance (at contract value)			17						—
Costs to obtain sales contracts			134						119
Derivative instruments designated as accounting hedges			57						83
Pension and other retirement employee benefits			21						—
Other			51						31
Total other assets			$	515					$	389

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities:
Salaries and benefits			$	197					$	152
Incentive compensation			226						208
Customer credits, advanced payments and advanced billings			42						28
Dividends			11						7
Professional service fees			53						43
Interest accrued on debt			82						63
Accounts payable			39						38
Income taxes			128						73
Pension and other retirement employee benefits			45						7
Accrued royalties			19						25
Foreign exchange forwards on certain assets and liabilities			2						—
Restructuring liability			18						21
Derivative instruments designated as accounting hedges			39						—
Other			138						108
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities			$	1,039					$	773

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Other liabilities:
Pension and other retirement employee benefits			$	244					$	299
Interest accrued on UTPs			113						82
MAKS indemnification provisions			33						43
Income tax liability – non-current portion			18						51
Derivative instruments designated as accounting hedges			145						—
Restructuring liability			3						3
Other			34						26
Total other liabilities			$	590					$	504

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The following table provides details about the reclassifications out of AOCI:

			Year Ended December 31,																		Location in the consolidated statement of operations
			2020						2019						2018
Currency translation adjustment losses
Sale of foreign subsidiaries			$	—					$	( 32 )					$	—					Loss pursuant to the divestiture of MAKS
Total currency translation adjustment losses			—						( 32 )						—
Losses on cash flow hedges
Interest rate contract			( 3 )						—						—						Other non-operating income (expense), net
Income tax effect of item above			1						—						—						Provision for income taxes
Total net losses on cash flow hedges			( 2 )						—						—
Gains on net investment hedges
Cross currency swaps			1						—						—						Other non-operating income (expense), net
FX forwards			—						3						—						Other non-operating income (expense), net
Total before income taxes			1						3						—
Income tax effect of item above			—						( 1 )						—						Provision for income taxes
Total net gains on net investment hedges			1						2						—
Pension and other retirement benefits
Amortization of actuarial losses and prior service costs included in net income			( 6 )						( 3 )						( 5 )						Other non-operating income (expense), net
Accelerated recognition of loss due to settlement			( 2 )						—						—						Other non-operating income (expense), net
Total before income taxes			( 8 )						( 3 )						( 5 )
Income tax effect of item above			2						1						1						Provision for income taxes
Total pension and other retirement benefits			( 6 )						( 2 )						( 4 )
Total losses included in Net Income attributable to reclassifications out of AOCI			$	( 7 )					$	( 32 )					$	( 4 )

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The following table shows changes in AOCI by component (net of tax):

			Year Ended December 31, 2020
			Pension and Other Retirement Benefits						Gains / (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges									Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments						Net Investment Hedges												Total
Balance December 31, 2019			$	( 92 )					$	—								$	( 401 )					$	54											$	( 439 )
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications			( 32 )						( 51 )									356						( 273 )												—
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			6						2									—						( 1 )												7
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			( 26 )						( 49 )									356						( 274 )												7
Balance December 31, 2020			$	( 118 )					$	( 49 )								$	( 45 )					$	( 220 )											$	( 432 )

			Year Ended December 31, 2019
			Pension and Other Retirement Benefits						Gains / (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges						Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments						Net Investment Hedges												Total
Balance December 31, 2018			$	( 53 )					$	—					$	( 406 )					$	33											$	( 426 )
Adoption of ASU 2018-02			( 17 )						—						—						( 3 )												( 20 )
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications			( 24 )						—						( 27 )						26												( 25 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			2						—						32						( 2 )												32
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			( 39 )						—						5						21												( 13 )
Balance December 31, 2019			$	( 92 )					$	—					$	( 401 )					$	54											$	( 439 )

			Year Ended December 31, 2018
			Pension and Other Retirement Benefits						Gains / (Losses) on Cash Flow Hedges						Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments						Net Investment Hedges						Gains on Available for Sale Securities						Total
Balance December 31, 2017			$	( 61 )					$	1					$	( 113 )					$	( 1 )					$	2					$	( 172 )
Adoption of ASU 2016-01			—						—						—						—						( 2 )						( 2 )
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications			4						( 1 )						( 293 )						34						—						( 256 )
Amounts reclassified from AOCI			4						—						—						—						—						4
Other comprehensive income/(loss)			8						( 1 )						( 293 )						34						( 2 )						( 254 )
Balance December 31, 2018			$	( 53 )					$	—					$	( 406 )					$	33					$	—					$	( 426 )

U.S. Plans

Moody’s maintains funded and unfunded noncontributory Defined Benefit Pension Plans ("DBPPs"). The DBPPs provide defined benefits using a cash balance formula based on years of service and career average salary or final average pay for selected executives. The Company also provides certain healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired U.S. employees. The retirement healthcare plans are contributory; the life insurance plans are noncontributory. Moody’s funded and unfunded U.S. pension plans, the U.S. retirement healthcare plans and the U.S. retirement life insurance plans are collectively referred to herein as the “Retirement Plans”. The U.S. retirement healthcare plans and the U.S. retirement life insurance plans are collectively referred to herein as the “Other Retirement Plans”.

Through 2007, substantially all U.S. employees were eligible to participate in the Company’s DBPPs. Effective January 1, 2008, the Company no longer offers DBPPs to U.S. employees hired or rehired on or after January 1, 2008 and new hires in the U.S. instead will receive a retirement contribution in similar benefit value under the Company’s Profit Participation Plan. Current participants of the Company’s Retirement Plans and Other Retirement Plans continue to accrue benefits based on existing plan benefit formulas.

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Following is a summary of changes in benefit obligations and fair value of plan assets for the Retirement Plans for the years ended December 31:

			Pension Plans												Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2020						2019
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation, beginning of the period			$	( 589 )					$	( 508 )					$	( 42 )					$	( 32 )
Service cost			( 17 )						( 17 )						( 3 )						( 3 )
Interest cost			( 17 )						( 21 )						( 1 )						( 1 )
Plan participants’ contributions			—						—						( 1 )						( 1 )
Benefits paid			22						21						2						1
Actuarial gain (loss)			6						( 3 )						2						—
Assumption changes			( 68 )						( 61 )						( 5 )						( 6 )
Benefit obligation, end of the period			$	( 663 )					$	( 589 )					$	( 48 )					$	( 42 )
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets, beginning of the period			$	395					$	348					$	—					$	—
Actual return on plan assets			45						60						—						—
Benefits paid			( 22 )						( 21 )						( 2 )						( 1 )
Employer contributions			110						8						1						—
Plan participants’ contributions			—						—						1						1
Fair value of plan assets, end of the period			$	528					$	395					$	—					$	—
Funded Status of the plans			$	( 135 )					$	( 194 )					$	( 48 )					$	( 42 )
Amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheets:
Pension and retirement benefits asset – non current			$	21					$	—					$	—					$	—
Pension and retirement benefits liability – current			( 44 )						( 6 )						( 1 )						( 1 )
Pension and retirement benefits liability – non current			( 112 )						( 188 )						( 47 )						( 41 )
Net amount recognized			$	( 135 )					$	( 194 )					$	( 48 )					$	( 42 )
Accumulated benefit obligation, end of the period			$	( 601 )					$	( 529 )

The increase in the benefit obligation in both 2020 and 2019 primarily resulted from reductions in discount rates, partially offset by a decrease related to lower cash balance conversion interest rates.

The following information is for those pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Aggregate projected benefit obligation			$	156					$	589
Aggregate accumulated benefit obligation			$	138					$	529
Aggregate fair value of plan assets			$	—					$	395

The following table summarizes the pre-tax net actuarial losses and prior service cost recognized in AOCI for the Company’s Retirement Plans as of December 31:

			Pension Plans												Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2020						2019
Net actuarial losses			$	( 144 )					$	( 116 )					$	( 8 )					$	( 6 )
Net prior service credits			3						4						—						—
Total recognized in AOCI – pretax			$	( 141 )					$	( 112 )					$	( 8 )					$	( 6 )

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Net periodic benefit expenses recognized for the Retirement Plans for years ended December 31:

			Pension Plans																		Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2018						2020						2019						2018
Components of net periodic expense
Service cost			$	17					$	17					$	19					$	3					$	3					$	3
Interest cost			17						21						17						1						1						1
Expected return on plan assets			( 20 )						( 20 )						( 15 )						—						—						—
Amortization of net actuarial loss and prior service credits from earlier periods			7						4						6						—						—						—
Net periodic expense			$	21					$	22					$	27					$	4					$	4					$	4

In addition to the amounts reflected in the above table, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized a loss of $ 2 million on settlement of a pension obligation.

The following table summarizes the pre-tax amounts recorded in OCI related to the Company’s Retirement Plans for the years ended December 31:

			Pension Plans																		Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2018						2020						2019						2018
Amortization of net actuarial losses and prior service credit			$	7					$	4					$	6					$	—					$	—					$	—
Settlement loss			2						—						—						—						—						—
Net actuarial (loss)/gain arising during the period			( 37 )						( 24 )						2						( 3 )						( 6 )						3
Total recognized in OCI – pre-tax			$	( 28 )					$	( 20 )					$	8					$	( 3 )					$	( 6 )					$	3

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Assumptions—Retirement Plans

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31:

			Pension Plans												Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2020						2019
Discount rate			2.24		%				3.04		%				2.30		%				3.05		%
Rate of compensation increase			3.62		%				3.64		%				—						—

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit expense for years ended December 31:

			Pension Plans																		Other Retirement Plans
			2020						2019						2018						2020						2019						2018
Discount rate			3.04		%				4.07		%				3.46		%				3.05		%				4.10		%				3.45		%
Expected return on plan assets			4.45		%				5.65		%				4.50		%				—						—						—
Rate of compensation increase			3.64		%				3.69		%				3.71		%				—						—						—
Cash balance plan interest crediting rate			4.50		%				4.50		%				4.50		%				—						—						—

The expected rate of return on plan assets represents the Company’s best estimate of the long-term return on plan assets and is determined by using a building block approach, which generally weighs the underlying long-term expected rate of return for each major asset class based on their respective allocation target within the plan portfolio, net of plan paid expenses. As the assumption reflects a long-term time horizon, the plan performance in any one particular year does not, by itself, significantly influence the Company’s evaluation. For 2020, the expected rate of return used in calculating the net periodic benefit costs was 4.45 %. For 2021, the Company’s expected rate of return assumption is 5.45 % to reflect the Company’s current view of long-term capital market outlook. In addition, the Company has updated its mortality assumption by adopting the newly released mortality improvement scale MP-2020 to accompany the Pri2012 mortality tables to reflect the latest information regarding future mortality expectations by the Society of Actuaries.

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Plan Assets

Moody’s investment objective for the assets in the funded pension plan is to earn total returns that will minimize future contribution requirements over the long-term within a prudent level of risk. The Company works with its independent investment consultants to determine asset allocation targets for its pension plan investment portfolio based on its assessment of business and financial conditions, demographic and actuarial data, funding characteristics, and related risk factors. Other relevant factors, including historical and forward looking views of inflation and capital market returns, are also considered. Risk management practices include monitoring plan asset performance, diversification across asset classes and investment styles and periodic rebalancing toward asset allocation targets. The Company’s Asset Management Committee is responsible for overseeing the investment activities of the plan, which includes selecting acceptable asset classes, defining allowable ranges of holdings by asset class and by individual investment managers, defining acceptable securities within each asset class, and establishing investment performance expectations. Ongoing monitoring of the plan includes reviews of investment performance and managers on a regular basis, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies.

The Company’s investment policy uses risk-controlled investment strategies by increasing the plan’s asset allocation to fixed income securities and specifying ranges of acceptable target allocation by asset class based on different levels of the plan’s accounting funded status. In addition, the investment policy also requires the investment-grade fixed income assets be rebalanced between shorter and longer duration bonds as the interest rate environment changes. This investment policy is designed to help protect the plan’s funded status and to limit volatility of the Company’s contributions. Based on the policy, the Company’s current target asset allocation is approximately 33 % (range of 28 % to 38 %) in equity securities, 62 % (range of 57 % to 67 %) in fixed income securities and 5 % (range of 2 % to 8 %) in other investments and the plan will use a combination of active and passive investment strategies and different investment styles for its investment portfolios within each asset class. The plan’s equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks of small, medium and large capitalization. The plan’s fixed income investments are diversified principally across U.S. and non-U.S. government and corporate bonds, which are expected to help reduce plan exposure to interest rate variation and to better align assets with obligations. The plan also invests in other fixed income investments such as debts rated below investment grade, emerging market debt, and convertible securities. The plan’s other investment, which is made through a private real estate debt fund, is expected to provide additional diversification benefits and absolute return enhancement to the plan assets.

Fair value of the assets in the Company’s funded pension plan by asset category at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2020
Asset Category			Balance						Level 1						Level 2						Measured using NAV practical expedient (1)						% of total assets
Cash and cash equivalent			$	4					$	—					$	4					$	—					1		%
Common/collective trust funds—equity securities
U.S. large-cap			143						—						143						—						27		%
U.S. small and mid-cap			28						—						28						—						5		%
Emerging markets			32						—						32						—						6		%
Total equity investments			203						—						203						—						38		%
Emerging markets bond fund			32						—						—						32						6		%
Common/collective trust funds—fixed income securities
Intermediate-term investment grade U.S. government/ corporate bonds			214						—						214						—						41		%
Mutual funds
U.S. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPs)			23						23						—						—						4		%
Convertible securities			16						16						—						—						3		%
Private investment fund—high yield securities			12						—						—						12						2		%
Total fixed-income investments			297						39						214						44						56		%
Other investment—private real estate fund			24						—						—						24						5		%
Total Assets			$	528					$	39					$	421					$	68					100		%

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			Fair Value Measurement as of December 31, 2019
Asset Category			Balance						Level 1						Level 2						Measured using NAV practical expedient (1)						% of total assets
Cash and cash equivalent			$	2					$	—					$	2					$	—					1		%
Common/collective trust funds—equity securities
U.S. large-cap			140						—						140						—						35		%
U.S. small and mid-cap			21						—						21						—						5		%
Emerging markets			29						—						29						—						7		%
Total equity investments			190						—						190						—						48		%
Emerging markets bond fund			15						—						—						15						4		%
Common/collective trust funds—fixed income securities
Intermediate-term investment grade U.S. government/ corporate bonds			119						—						119						—						30		%
U.S. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPs)			22						22						—						—						6		%
Private investment fund—convertible securities			12						12						—						—						3		%
Private investment fund—high yield securities			12						—						—						12						3		%
Total fixed-income investments			180						34						119						27						46		%
Other investment—private real estate debt fund			23						—						—						23						6		%
Total Assets			$	395					$	34					$	311					$	50					100		%

(1) Investments are measured using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) practical expedient and have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in the table are intended to permit a reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the value of the total plan assets.

Cash and cash equivalents are primarily comprised of investments in money market mutual funds. In determining fair value, Level 1 investments are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. Investments in common/collective trust funds are valued using the NAV per unit in each fund. The NAV is based on the value of the underlying investments owned by each trust, minus its liabilities, and then divided by the number of shares outstanding. Common/collective trust funds are categorized in Level 2 to the extent that they are considered to have a readily determinable fair value. Investments for which fair value is estimated by using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy.

Except for the Company’s U.S. funded pension plan, all of Moody’s Retirement Plans are unfunded and therefore have no plan assets.

Cash Flows

The Company contributed $ 99 million to its U.S. funded pension plan during 2020, but did not contribute to this plan during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company made payments of $ 11 million and $ 8 million related to its U.S. unfunded pension plan obligations during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company currently does not anticipate making a contribution to its funded pension plan in 2021, and anticipates making payments of $ 44 million related to its unfunded U.S. pension plans and $ 1 million related to its other Retirement Plans during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Estimated Future Benefits Payable

Estimated future benefits payments for the Retirement Plans are as follows as of year ended December 31, 2020:

Year Ending December 31,						Pension Plans						Other Retirement Plans
2021						$	55					$	1
2022						17						1
2023						25						2
2024						21						2
2025						24						2
2026 - 2030						$	139					$	13

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Defined Contribution Plans

Moody’s has a Profit Participation Plan covering substantially all U.S. employees. The Profit Participation Plan provides for an employee salary deferral and the Company matches employee contributions, equal to 50 % of employee contribution up to a maximum of 3 % of the employee’s pay. Effective January 1, 2008, all new hires are automatically enrolled in the Profit Participation Plan when they meet eligibility requirements unless they decline participation. As the Company’s U.S. DBPPs are closed to new entrants effective January 1, 2008, all eligible new hires will instead receive a retirement contribution into the Profit Participation Plan in value similar to the pension benefits. Additionally, effective January 1, 2008, the Company implemented a deferred compensation plan in the U.S., which is unfunded and provides for employee deferral of compensation and Company matching contributions related to compensation in excess of the IRS limitations on benefits and contributions under qualified retirement plans. Total expenses associated with U.S. defined contribution plans were $ 44 million, $ 43 million and $ 27 million in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively.

Effective January 1, 2008, Moody’s has designated the Moody’s Stock Fund, an investment option under the Profit Participation Plan, as an Employee Stock Ownership Plan and, as a result, participants in the Moody’s Stock Fund may receive dividends in cash or may reinvest such dividends into the Moody’s Stock Fund. Moody’s paid approximately $ 1 million during each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for the Company’s common shares held by the Moody’s Stock Fund. The Company records the dividends as a reduction of retained earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit). The Moody’s Stock Fund held approximately 360,600 and 411,100 shares of Moody’s common stock at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Non-U.S. Plans

Certain of the Company’s non-U.S. operations provide pension benefits to their employees. The non-U.S. defined benefit pension plans are immaterial. For defined contribution plans, company contributions are primarily determined as a percentage of employees’ eligible compensation. Expenses related to these defined contribution plans for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were $ 29 million, $ 25 million and $ 26 million, respectively.

Under the 1998 Plan, 33 million shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance. The 2001 Plan, which is shareholder approved, permits the granting of up to 50.6 million shares, of which not more than 14.0 million shares are available for grants of awards other than stock options. The Stock Plans also provide for the granting of restricted stock. The Stock Plans provide that options are exercisable not later than ten years from the grant date. The vesting period for awards under the Stock Plans is generally determined by the Board at the date of the grant and has been four years except for employees who are at or near retirement eligibility, as defined, for which vesting is between one and four years . Additionally, the vesting period is three years for certain performance-based restricted stock that contain a condition whereby the number of shares that ultimately vest are based on the achievement of certain non-market based performance metrics of the Company. Options may not be granted at less than the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant.

The Company maintains the Directors’ Plan for its Board, which permits the granting of awards in the form of non-qualified stock options, restricted stock or performance shares. The Directors’ Plan provides that options are exercisable not later than ten years from the grant date. The vesting period is determined by the Board at the date of the grant and is generally one year for both options and restricted stock. Under the Directors’ Plan, 1.7 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. Any director of the Company who is not an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries as of the date that an award is granted is eligible to participate in the Directors’ Plan.

Presented below is a summary of the stock-based compensation expense and associated tax benefit in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Stock-based compensation expense			$	154					$	136					$	130
Tax benefit			$	30					$	29					$	32

The fair value of each employee stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that uses the assumptions noted below. The expected dividend yield is derived from the annual dividend rate on the date of grant. The expected stock volatility is based on an assessment of historical weekly stock prices of the Company as well as implied volatility from Moody’s traded options. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. government zero coupon bonds with maturities similar to the expected holding period. The expected holding period was determined by examining historical and projected post-vesting exercise behavior activity.

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The following weighted average assumptions were used for options granted:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Expected dividend yield			0.80 %						1.14 %						1.05 %
Expected stock volatility			23		%				24		%				26		%
Risk-free interest rate			1.43 %						2.56 %						2.82 %
Expected holding period -in years			5.7						6.2						6.2
Grant date fair value			$	60.66					$	43.29					$	45.73

A summary of option activity as of December 31, 2020 and changes during the year then ended is presented below:

Options						Shares						Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share						Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term						Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding, December 31, 2019						1.6						$	93.51
Granted						0.1						280.37
Exercised						( 0.7 )						59.57
Outstanding, December 31, 2020						1.0						133.95						5.6 years						$	160
Vested and expected to vest, December 31, 2020						1.0						132.80						5.6 years						$	158
Exercisable, December 31, 2020						0.7						$	101.13					4.6 years						$	125

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between Moody’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the year ended December 31, 2020 and the exercise prices, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of December 31, 2020. This amount varies based on the fair value of Moody’s stock. As of December 31, 2020, there was $ 6 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to options. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.

The following table summarizes information relating to stock option exercises:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Proceeds from stock option exercises			39						36						38
Aggregate intrinsic value			132						114						99
Tax benefit realized upon exercise			32						27						24

A summary of nonvested restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 is presented below:

Nonvested Restricted Stock						Shares						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Balance, December 31, 2019						1.8						$	124.63
Granted						0.5						279.00
Vested						( 0.8 )						132.50
Balance, December 31, 2020						1.5						$	201.30

As of December 31, 2020, there was $ 162 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted stock. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.

The following table summarizes information relating to the vesting of restricted stock awards:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Fair value of shares vested			202						156						151
Tax benefit realized upon vesting			46						36						35

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A summary of performance-based restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2020 is presented below:

Performance-based restricted stock						Shares						Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Balance, December 31, 2019						0.5						$	134.35
Granted						0.1						273.81
Vested						( 0.3 )						109.43
Balance, December 31, 2020						0.3						$	197.19

The following table summarizes information relating to the vesting of the Company’s performance-based restricted stock awards:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Fair value of shares vested			70						47						23
Tax benefit realized upon vesting			17						11						6

As of December 31, 2020, there was $ 21 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to this plan. The expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

The Company has a policy of issuing treasury stock to satisfy shares issued under stock-based compensation plans.

In addition, the Company also sponsors the ESPP. Under the ESPP, 6 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase common stock of the Company on a monthly basis at a discount to the average of the high and the low trading prices on the New York Stock Exchange on the last trading day of each month. This discount was 5 % in 2020, 2019, and 2018 resulting in the ESPP qualifying for non-compensatory status under Topic 718 of the ASC. Accordingly, no compensation expense was recognized for the ESPP in 2020, 2019, and 2018. The employee purchases are funded through after-tax payroll deductions, which plan participants can elect from one percent to ten percent of compensation, subject to the annual federal limit.

Components of the Company’s income tax provision are as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Current:
Federal			$	213					$	179					$	168
State and Local			68						59						50
Non-U.S.			215						181						233
Total current			496						419						451
Deferred:
Federal			6						( 19 )						( 59 )
State and Local			—						( 3 )						( 2 )
Non-U.S.			( 50 )						( 16 )						( 38 )
Total deferred			( 44 )						( 38 )						( 99 )
Total provision for income taxes			$	452					$	381					$	352

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate on income before provision for income taxes is as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
U.S. statutory tax rate			21.0		%				21.0		%				21.0		%
State and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit			2.3		%				2.2		%				2.2		%
Benefit of foreign operations			( 1.5 )		%				( 0.1 )		%				1.8		%
U.S. Tax Act impact			—		%				—		%				( 2.8 )		%
Other			( 1.5 )		%				( 2.1 )		%				( 1.1 )		%
Effective tax rate			20.3		%				21.0		%				21.1		%
Income tax paid			$	514					$	458					$	442

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The source of income before provision for income taxes is as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
U.S.			$	1,349					$	1,039					$	936
Non-U.S.			880						771						736
Income before provision for income taxes			$	2,229					$	1,810					$	1,672

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

			December 31,
			2020						2019
Deferred tax assets:
Account receivable allowances			$	9					$	6
Accumulated depreciation and amortization			2						1
Stock-based compensation			42						46
Accrued compensation and benefits			99						89
Capitalized costs			39						—
Operating lease liabilities			122						136
Deferred revenue			30						37
Net operating loss			17						13
Restructuring			3						4
Uncertain tax positions			98						94
Self-insured related reserves			10						8
Loss on net investment hedges - OCI			93						—
Other			10						13
Total deferred tax assets			574						447
Deferred tax liabilities:
Accumulated depreciation and amortization of intangible assets and capitalized software			( 468 )						( 389 )
ROU Assets			( 90 )						( 107 )
Capital Gains			( 23 )						( 23 )
Self-insured related income			( 10 )						( 8 )
Stock-based compensation			—						( 2 )
Revenue Accounting Standard - ASC 606			( 10 )						( 12 )
Deferred tax on unremitted foreign earnings			( 16 )						—
Gain on net investment hedges - OCI			( 8 )						( 22 )
Other			( 4 )						( 3 )
Total deferred tax liabilities			( 629 )						( 566 )
Net deferred tax liabilities			( 55 )						( 119 )
Valuation allowance			( 15 )						( 9 )
Total net deferred tax liabilities			$	( 70 )					$	( 128 )

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law, which resulted in significant changes to U.S. corporate tax laws. The Tax Act includes a mandatory one-time deemed repatriation tax (“transition tax”) on previously untaxed accumulated earnings of foreign subsidiaries and beginning in 2018 reduces the statutory federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. Due to the complexities of the Tax Act, the SEC issued guidance requiring that companies provide a reasonable estimate of the impact of the Tax Act to the extent such reasonable estimate has been determined. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a provisional estimate for the transition tax of $ 247 million. In September, 2018, the Company filed its 2017 federal income tax return and revised its determination of the transition tax to $ 236 million, a reduction of $ 11 million from the estimate at December 31, 2017. The reduction was primarily due to proposed regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service and the finalization of earnings and profits calculations. A portion of the transition tax will be payable over eight years , starting in 2018, and will not accrue interest. The above revised determination of transition tax may be impacted by a number of additional considerations, including but not limited to the issuance of additional regulations.

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As a result of the Tax Act, all previously net undistributed foreign earnings have now been subject to U.S. tax. The Company regularly evaluates which entities it will indefinitely reinvest earnings. The Company has provided deferred taxes for those entities whose earnings are not considered indefinitely reinvested.

The Company has recorded reductions in its income tax provision of approximately $ 60 million, or 269 BPS, for the full-year of 2020, and approximately $ 44 million, or 242 BPS, for the full-year of 2019, relating to Excess Tax Benefits on stock-based compensation.

The Company had valuation allowances of $ 15 million and $ 9 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to foreign net operating losses for which realization is uncertain.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $ 483 million of UTPs of which $ 432 million represents the amount that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate in future periods. The increase in UTPs primarily resulted from the additional reserves established for non-U.S. tax exposures and an adjustment to the transition tax under U.S. tax reform. In addition, the Company has recorded a deferred tax asset in the amount of $ 50 million for potential transition tax benefits if certain non-U.S. UTPs are not sustained.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of UTPs is as follows:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Balance as of January 1			$	477					$	495					$	389
Additions for tax positions related to the current year			37						35						80
Additions for tax positions of prior years			17						22						89
Reductions for tax positions of prior years			( 2 )						( 2 )						( 13 )
Settlements with taxing authorities			( 5 )						( 1 )						( 2 )
Lapse of statute of limitations			( 41 )						( 44 )						( 48 )
Reclassification to indemnification liability related to MAKS divestiture			—						( 28 )						—
Balance as of December 31			$	483					$	477					$	495

The Company classifies interest related to UTPs in interest expense in its consolidated statements of operations. Penalties are recognized in other non-operating expenses. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred a net interest expense of $ 31 million and $ 28 million respectively, related to UTPs. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the amount of accrued interest recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets related to UTPs was $ 113 million and $ 82 million, respectively.

Moody’s Corporation and subsidiaries are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s U.S. federal income tax return for 2019 remains open to examination and 2017 and 2018 are currently under examination. The Company’s New York City tax returns for 2014 through 2017 are currently under examination. The Company’s U.K. tax return for 2012 is currently under examination and its returns for 2013 through 2019 remain open to examination.

For current ongoing audits related to open tax years, the Company estimates that it is possible that the balance of UTPs could decrease in the next twelve months as a result of the effective settlement of these audits, which might involve the payment of additional taxes, the adjustment of certain deferred taxes and/or the recognition of tax benefits. It is also possible that new issues might be raised by tax authorities which might necessitate increases to the balance of UTPs. As the Company is unable to predict the timing of conclusion of these audits, the Company is unable to estimate the amount of changes to the balance of UTPs at this time.

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The Company’s debt is recorded at its carrying amount, which represents the issuance amount plus or minus any issuance premium or discount, except for the 2012 Senior Notes, the 2017 Senior Notes due 2023, the 2017 Senior Notes due 2028 and the 2020 Senior Notes due 2025, which are recorded at the carrying amount adjusted for the fair value of an interest rate swap used to hedge the fair value of the note.

The following table summarizes total indebtedness:

			December 31, 2020
			Principal Amount						Fair Value of Interest Rate Swaps (1)						Unamortized (Discount) Premium						Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs						Carrying Value
Notes Payable:
4.50 % 2012 Senior Notes, due 2022			$	500					$	14					$	( 1 )					$	( 1 )					$	512
4.875 % 2013 Senior Notes, due 2024			500						—						( 1 )						( 1 )						498
5.25 % 2014 Senior Notes, due 2044			600						—						3						( 5 )						598
1.75 % 2015 Senior Notes, due 2027			612						—						—						( 2 )						610
2.625 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2023			500						12						—						( 2 )						510
3.25 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2028			500						31						( 4 )						( 3 )						524
4.25 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2029			400						—						( 3 )						( 3 )						394
4.875 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2048			400						—						( 6 )						( 4 )						390
0.950 % 2019 Senior Notes, due 2030			918						—						( 3 )						( 6 )						909
3.75 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2025			700						( 1 )						( 1 )						( 5 )						693
3.25 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2050			300						—						( 4 )						( 3 )						293
2.55 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2060			500						—						( 4 )						( 5 )						491
Total long-term debt			$	6,430					$	56					$	( 24 )					$	( 40 )					$	6,422

			December 31, 2019
			Principal Amount						Fair Value of Interest Rate Swaps (1)						Unamortized (Discount) Premium						Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs						Carrying Value
Notes Payable:
4.50 % 2012 Senior Notes, due 2022			$	500					$	9					$	( 1 )					$	( 1 )					$	507
4.875 % 2013 Senior Notes, due 2024			500						—						( 1 )						( 2 )						497
5.25 % 2014 Senior Notes, due 2044			600						—						4						( 5 )						599
1.75 % 2015 Senior Notes due 2027			561						—						—						( 3 )						558
2.75 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2021			500						11						( 1 )						( 2 )						508
2.625 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2023			500						7						( 1 )						( 2 )						504
3.25 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2028			500						—						( 4 )						( 3 )						493
3.25 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2021			300						—						—						( 1 )						299
4.25 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2029			400						—						( 3 )						( 3 )						394
4.875 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2048			400						—						( 7 )						( 4 )						389
0.950 % 2019 Senior Notes, due 2030			842						—						( 3 )						( 6 )						833
Total long-term debt			$	5,603					$	27					$	( 17 )					$	( 32 )					$	5,581

(1) The fair value of interest rate swaps in the table above represents the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of the hedged debt.

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Credit Facility

The following summarizes information relating to the Company's revolving credit facility:

																					December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
			Issue Date						Capacity						Maturity						Drawn						Undrawn						Drawn						Undrawn
2018 Credit Facility			November 14, 2018						$	1,000					November 13, 2023						$	—					$	1,000					$	—					$	1,000

Interest on borrowings under the facility may range from 0 BPS to 22.5 BPS per annum for Alternate Base Rate loans (as defined in the 2018 Facility agreement) or payable at rates that are based on the London InterBank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus a premium that can range from 80.5 BPS to 122.5 BPS depending on the Company’s index debt ratings, as set forth in the 2018 Facility agreement. The Company also pays quarterly facility fees, regardless of borrowing activity under the facility. The quarterly fees for the 2018 Facility can range from 7 BPS of the facility amount to 15 BPS, depending on the Company’s index debt ratings. The 2018 Facility contains certain customary covenants including a financial covenant that requires the Company to maintain a total debt to EBITDA ratio of (i) not more than 4 to 1 at the end of any fiscal quarter or (ii) not more than 4.5 to 1 as of the end of the first three consecutive quarters immediately following any acquisition with consideration in excess of $ 500 million, subject to certain conditions as set forth in the 2018 Facility agreement.

Commercial Paper

On August 3, 2016, the Company entered into a private placement commercial paper program under which the Company may issue CP notes up to a maximum amount of $ 1.0 billion. Borrowings under the CP Program are backstopped by the 2018 Facility. Amounts under the CP Program may be re-borrowed. The maturity of the CP Notes will vary, but may not exceed 397 days from the date of issue. The CP Notes are sold at a discount from par, or alternatively, sold at par and bear interest at rates that will vary based upon market conditions. The rates of interest will depend on whether the CP Notes will be a fixed or floating rate. The interest on a floating rate may be based on the following: (a) certificate of deposit rate; (b) commercial paper rate; (c) the federal funds rate; (d) the LIBOR; (e) prime rate; (f) Treasury rate; or (g) such other base rate as may be specified in a supplement to the private placement agreement. The CP Program contains certain events of default including, among other things: non-payment of principal, interest or fees; entrance into any form of moratorium; and bankruptcy and insolvency events, subject in certain instances to cure periods. As of December 31, 2020, the Company has no CP borrowings outstanding.

Notes Payable

The Company may prepay certain of its senior notes, in whole or in part, but may incur a Make-Whole Amount penalty.

During 2020, the Company issued the 2020 Senior Notes, due 2025, the 2020 Senior Notes, due 2050 and the 2020 Senior Notes, due 2060. The key terms of these debt issuances are set forth in the table above.

Additionally, in 2020, the Company fully repaid $ 300 million of the 2018 Senior Notes, due 2021 (along with a Make-Whole Amount of approximately $ 8 million) and $ 500 million of the 2017 Senior Notes due 2021 (along with a Make-Whole Amount of approximately $ 16 million). The Company also recognized in interest expense, net, a $ 17 million benefit relating to carrying value adjustments pursuant to the early termination of interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges that were associated with the 2017 Senior Notes due 2021.

At December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained within all of the debt agreements. All of the debt agreements contain cross default provisions which state that default under one of the aforementioned debt instruments could in turn permit lenders under other debt instruments to declare borrowings outstanding under those instruments to be immediately due and payable. As of December 31, 2020, there were no such cross defaults.

The repayment schedule for the Company’s borrowings is as follows:

Year Ending December 31,						2012 Senior Notes due 2022						2013 Senior Notes due 2024						2014 Senior Notes due 2044						2015 Senior Notes due 2027						2017 Senior Notes due 2023						2017 Senior Notes due 2028						2018 Senior Notes due 2029						2018 Senior Notes due 2048						2019 Senior Notes due 2030						2020 Senior Notes due 2025						2020 Senior Notes due 2050						2020 Senior Notes due 2060						Total
2021						$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	—
2022						500						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						500
2023						—						—						—						—						500						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						500
2024						—						500						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						500
2025						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						—						700						—						—						700
Thereafter						—						—						600						612						—						500						400						400						918						—						300						500						4,230
Total						$	500					$	500					$	600					$	612					$	500					$	500					$	400					$	400					$	918					$	700					$	300					$	500					$	6,430

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Interest expense, net

The following table summarizes the components of interest as presented in the consolidated statements of operations:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Income			$	11					$	17					$	15
Expense on borrowings			( 163 )						( 176 )						( 197 )
Expense on UTPs and other tax related liabilities			( 34 )						( 28 )						( 15 )
Net periodic pension costs—interest component			( 19 )						( 22 )						( 19 )
Capitalized			—						1						1
Total			$	( 205 )					$	( 208 )					$	( 215 )
Interest paid (1)			$	132					$	167					$	183

(1) Interest paid includes net settlements on interest rate swaps more fully discussed in Note 7.

The fair value and carrying value of the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

			December 31, 2020												December 31, 2019
			Carrying Amount						Estimated Fair Value						Carrying Amount						Estimated Fair Value
4.50 % 2012 Senior Notes, due 2022			$	512					$	530					$	507					$	531
4.875 % 2013 Senior Notes, due 2024			498						562						497						551
5.25 % 2014 Senior Notes, due 2044			598						828						599						757
1.75 % 2015 Senior Notes, due 2027			610						674						558						604
2.75 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2021			—						—						508						507
2.625 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2023			510						522						504						507
3.25 % 2017 Senior Notes, due 2028			524						561						493						523
3.25 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2021			—						—						299						306
4.25 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2029			394						480						394						453
4.875 % 2018 Senior Notes, due 2048			390						544						389						492
0.950 % 2019 Senior Notes, due 2030			909						974						833						847
3.75 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2025			693						785						—						—
3.25 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2050			293						329						—						—
2.55 % 2020 Senior Note, due 2060			491						467						—						—
Total			$	6,422					$	7,256					$	5,581					$	6,078

The fair value of the Company’s debt is estimated based on quoted market prices for similar instruments. Accordingly, the inputs used to estimate the fair value of the Company’s long-term debt are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

Authorized Capital Stock

The total number of shares of all classes of stock that the Company has authority to issue under its Restated Certificate of Incorporation is 1.02 billion shares with a par value of $ 0.01 , of which 1.0 billion are shares of common stock, 10.0 million are shares of preferred stock and 10.0 million are shares of series common stock. The preferred stock and series common stock can be issued with varying terms, as determined by the Board.

Share Repurchase Program

The Company implemented a systematic share repurchase program in the third quarter of 2005 through an SEC Rule 10b5-1 program. Moody’s may also purchase opportunistically when conditions warrant. As a result, Moody’s share repurchase activity will continue to vary from quarter to quarter. The table below summarizes the Company’s remaining authority under its share repurchase program as of December 31, 2020:

Date Authorized						Amount Authorized						Remaining Authority
December 16, 2019						$	1,000					831

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During 2020, Moody’s repurchased 2.0 million shares of its common stock under its share repurchase program and issued a net 1.4 million shares under employee stock-based compensation plans. The net amount includes shares withheld for employee payroll taxes.

During 2019, the Company entered into an ASR with a financial institution counterparty to repurchase $ 500 million of its outstanding common stock. Refer to Note 5 for further details.

Dividends

The Company’s cash dividends were:

			Dividends Per Share
			Year ended December 31,
			2020												2019												2018
			Declared						Paid						Declared						Paid						Declared						Paid
First quarter			$	0.56					$	0.56					$	0.50					$	0.50					$	0.44					$	0.44
Second quarter			0.56						0.56						0.50						0.50						0.44						0.44
Third quarter			0.56						0.56						0.50						0.50						0.44						0.44
Fourth quarter			0.56						0.56						0.50						0.50						0.44						0.44
Total			$	2.24					$	2.24					$	2.00					$	2.00					$	1.76					$	1.76

On February 9, 2021 , the Board approved the declaration of a quarterly dividend of $ 0.62 per share of Moody’s common stock, payable on March 18, 2021 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 25, 2021 . The continued payment of dividends at the rate noted above, or at all, is subject to the discretion of the Board.

The Company has operating leases, substantially all of which relate to the lease of office space. The Company's leases classified as finance leases are not material to the consolidated financial statements. Certain of the Company's leases include options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease from one to 20 years at the Company's discretion.

The following table presents the components of the Company’s lease cost:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019
Operating lease cost			$	96					$	97
Sublease income			( 5 )						( 2 )
Variable lease cost			19						17
Total lease cost			$	110					$	112

During 2020, the Company recorded $ 21 million of ROU Asset impairment charges related to the exit of certain real estate leases. The impairment charges were recorded within Restructuring expense on the consolidated statement of operations. Refer to Note 11 for further details.

The following tables present other information related to the Company’s operating leases:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities			$	108					$	106
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities			$	36					$	41

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020			2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)			6.0			6.8
Weighted-average discount rate applied to operating leases			3.6		%	3.6		%

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The following table presents a maturity analysis of the future minimum lease payments included within the Company’s operating lease liabilities at December 31, 2020:

Year Ending December 31,						Operating Leases
2021						$	110
2022						99
2023						93
2024						84
2025						76
Thereafter						117
Total lease payments (undiscounted)						579
Less: Interest						58
Present value of lease liabilities:						521
Lease liabilities - current						94
Lease liabilities - noncurrent						$	427

Given the nature of the Company's activities, Moody’s and its subsidiaries are subject to legal and tax proceedings, governmental, regulatory and legislative investigations, subpoenas and other inquiries, and claims and litigation by governmental and private parties that are based on ratings assigned by MIS or that are otherwise incidental to the Company’s business. Moody’s and MIS also are subject to periodic reviews, inspections, examinations and investigations by regulators in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, any of which may result in claims, legal proceedings, assessments, fines, penalties or restrictions on business activities. Moody’s also is subject to ongoing tax audits as addressed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements.

Management periodically assesses the Company’s liabilities and contingencies in connection with these matters based upon the latest information available. For claims, litigation and proceedings and governmental investigations and inquiries not related to income taxes, the Company records liabilities in the consolidated financial statements when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated and periodically adjusts these as appropriate. When the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range of amounts, the minimum amount of the range is accrued unless some higher amount within the range is a better estimate than another amount within the range. In instances when a loss is reasonably possible but uncertainties exist related to the probable outcome and/or the amount or range of loss, management does not record a liability but discloses the contingency if material. As additional information becomes available, the Company adjusts its assessments and estimates of such matters accordingly. Moody’s also discloses material pending legal proceedings pursuant to SEC rules and other pending matters as it may determine to be appropriate.

In view of the inherent difficulty of assessing the potential outcome of legal proceedings, governmental, regulatory and legislative investigations and inquiries, claims and litigation and similar matters and contingencies, particularly when the claimants seek large or indeterminate damages or assert novel legal theories or the matters involve a large number of parties, the Company often cannot predict what the eventual outcome of the pending matters will be or the timing of any resolution of such matters. The Company also may be unable to predict the impact (if any) that any such matters may have on how its business is conducted, on its competitive position or on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows. As the process to resolve any pending matters progresses, management will continue to review the latest information available and assess its ability to predict the outcome of such matters and the effects, if any, on its operations and financial condition and to accrue for and disclose such matters as and when required. However, because such matters are inherently unpredictable and unfavorable developments or resolutions can occur, the ultimate outcome of such matters, including the amount of any loss, may differ from those estimates.

The Company is organized into two operating segments: MIS and MA and accordingly, the Company reports in two reportable segments: MIS and MA.

The MIS segment consists of five LOBs. The CFG, SFG, FIG and PPIF LOBs generate revenue principally from fees for the assignment and ongoing monitoring of credit ratings on debt obligations and the entities that issue such obligations in markets worldwide. The MIS Other LOB primarily consists of financial instruments pricing services in the Asia-Pacific region, ICRA non-ratings revenue and revenue from providing ESG research, data and assessments.

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The MA segment develops a wide range of products and services that support the risk management activities of institutional participants in global financial markets. Beginning in the first quarter of 2020, the MA segment now consists of two LOBs - RD&A and ERS. Subsequent to the divestiture of MAKS in the fourth quarter of 2019, the MALS business, which was historically part of the PS LOB through December 31, 2019, was reclassified to the RD&A LOB. Prior year revenue by LOB has not been reclassified as the amounts relating to the MALS business were not material.

Revenue for MIS and expenses for MA include an intersegment royalty charged to MA for the rights to use and distribute content, data and products developed by MIS. The royalty rate charged by MIS approximates the fair value of the aforementioned content, data and products and is generally based on comparable market transactions. Also, revenue for MA and expenses for MIS include an intersegment fee charged to MIS from MA for certain MA products and services utilized in MIS’s ratings process. These fees charged by MA are generally equal to the costs incurred by MA to produce these products and services.

Overhead expenses include costs such as rent and occupancy, information technology and support staff such as finance, human resources and legal. Such costs and corporate expenses that exclusively benefit one segment are fully charged to that segment. For overhead and corporate expenses that benefit both segments, in years prior to 2019, the Company generally allocated costs ratably based on each segment’s share of total revenue.

Beginning in 2019, the Company refined its methodology such that costs are allocated to each segment based on the segment’s share of full-year 2018 actual revenue which comprises a “Baseline Pool” that will remain fixed over time. In subsequent periods, incremental overhead costs (or reductions thereof) will be allocated to each segment based on the prevailing shares of total revenue represented by each segment. The impact of this refined methodology would not have resulted in a material change to previously reported segment results.

“Eliminations” in the following table represent intersegment revenue/expense. Moody’s does not report the Company’s assets by reportable segment, as this metric is not used by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources to the segments. Consequently, it is not practical to show assets by reportable segment.

Financial Information by Segment

The table below shows revenue, Adjusted Operating Income and operating income by reportable segment. Adjusted Operating Income is a financial metric utilized by the Company’s chief operating decision maker to assess the profitability of each reportable segment. Refer to Note 3 for further details on the components of the Company’s revenue.

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020																								2019
			MIS						MA						Eliminations						Consolidated						MIS						MA						Eliminations						Consolidated
Revenue			$	3,440					$	2,086					$	( 155 )					$	5,371					$	3,009					$	1,963					$	( 143 )					$	4,829
Total Expense			1,476						1,662						( 155 )						2,983						1,376						1,598						( 143 )						2,831
Operating income			1,964						424						—						2,388						1,633						365						—						1,998
Add:
Restructuring			19						31						—						50						31						29						—						60
Depreciation and amortization			70						150						—						220						71						129						—						200
Acquisition-Related Expenses			—						—						—						—						—						3						—						3
Loss pursuant to the divestiture of MAKS			—						9						—						9						—						14						—						14
Captive insurance company settlement			—						—						—						—						10						6						—						16
Adjusted Operating Income			$	2,053					$	614					$	—					$	2,667					$	1,745					$	546					$	—					$	2,291

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			Year Ended December 31, 2018
			MIS						MA						Eliminations						Consolidated
Revenue			$	2,836					$	1,743					$	( 136 )					$	4,443
Total Expense			1,276						1,435						( 136 )						2,575
Operating Income			1,560						308						—						1,868
Add:
Restructuring			32						17						—						49
Depreciation and amortization			65						127						—						192
Acquisition-Related Expenses			—						8						—						8
Adjusted Operating income			$	1,657					$	460					$	—					$	2,117

The cumulative restructuring charges for the MIS and MA reportable segments are $ 61 million and $ 44 million, respectively, related to the 2018 Restructuring Program and $ 21 million and $ 15 million, respectively, related to the 2020 Restructuring Program. The cumulative restructuring charge for the MA reportable segment related to the 2020 MA Strategic Reorganization Restructuring Program is $ 18 million. The restructuring programs are more fully discussed in Note 11.

CONSOLIDATED REVENUE AND LONG-LIVED ASSETS INFORMATION BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020						2019						2018
Revenue:
U.S.			$	2,955					$	2,544					$	2,330
Non-U.S.:
EMEA			1,545						1,446						1,377
Asia-Pacific			571						551						493
Americas			300						288						243
Total Non-U.S.			2,416						2,285						2,113
Total			$	5,371					$	4,829					$	4,443
Long-lived assets at December 31:
U.S.			$	2,162					$	1,290					$	982
Non-U.S.			4,889						4,678						4,685
Total			$	7,051					$	5,968					$	5,667

Accounts receivable allowances represent estimates for uncollectible accounts. The valuation allowance on deferred tax assets relates to foreign net operating tax losses for which realization is uncertain. Below is a summary of activity:

Year Ended December 31,						Balance at Beginning of the Year						Adoption of New Expected Credit Losses Accounting Standard						Charged to costs and expenses						Deductions (1)						Balance at End of the Year
2020
Allowances for credit losses						$	( 20 )					$	( 2 )					$	( 26 )					$	14					$	( 34 )
Deferred tax assets—valuation allowance						$	( 9 )					$	—					$	( 6 )					$	—					$	( 15 )
2019
Allowances for credit losses						$	( 20 )					$	—					$	( 10 )					$	10					$	( 20 )
Deferred tax assets—valuation allowance						$	( 5 )					$	—					$	( 4 )					$	—					$	( 9 )
2018
Allowances for credit losses						$	( 14 )					$	—					$	( 15 )					$	9					$	( 20 )
Deferred tax assets—valuation allowance						$	( 6 )					$	—					$	—					$	1					$	( 5 )

(1) Reflects write-off of uncollectible accounts receivable or expiration of foreign net operating tax losses.

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The following table summarizes the components of other non-operating (expense) income, net as presented in the consolidated statements of operations:

			Year Ended December 31,
			2020									2019									2018
FX gain (loss)			$	2								$	( 18 )								$	( 11 )
Net periodic pension costs—other components			13									18									10
Income from investments in non-consolidated affiliates			6									13									14
Other			25									7									6
Total			$	46								$	20								$	19

On February 9, 2021 , the Board approved the declaration of a quarterly dividend of $ 0.62 per share for Moody’s common stock, payable March 18, 2021 to shareholders of record at the close of business on February 25, 2021 . Additionally, on February 9, 2021, the Board approved an additional $ 1 billion of share repurchase authority, which may commence following the completion of the remaining authority disclosed in Note 19.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company reached a settlement and had a lapse of a statute of limitations relating to certain of its UTPs. As a result of these items, in the first quarter of 2021, the Company will release UTPs of $ 61 million along with accrued interest of $ 40 million.

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